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Period 5. 1844-1877 13% of the test. Manifest Destiny 1840s.
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Period 5 1844-1877 13% of the test
Manifest Destiny 1840s "(It is) ..our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty“ John O'Sullivan, editor of the New York newspaper 'The Morning Post‘, 1845 Manifest Destiny Belief that America was destined to own all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Spread democracy Needed more land for growing population
James K. Polk11th president, 1845-1849 • Expansion president • Believed in manifest destiny and worked to expand the U.S. • Successfully added Oregon thru peaceful negotiation • Added Texas to California to U.S map thru war with Mexico
Test Tip • Manifest Destiny generates a number of test questions. Be able to identify the causes and consequences of Manifest Destiny.
Oregon Territory • Shared with England • “54-40 or fight” • Polk’s promise to take all of Oregon Territory • Treaty of 1846 • Extended 49th parallel to the coast • 1848, Oregon becomes an American Territory.
War with Mexico, 1846 • Annexation of Texas one of the causes • Border dispute another cause • Mexico – Nueces River • US – Rio Grande • John Slidell sent to Mexico City to buy Calif. for maximum of $25 million • Slidell was not received • January 1846 – Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to march from Nueces River to Rio Grande • lasted one year, U.S. wins
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848 • Ended the war • Mexican Cession • gave U.S. land to California • Wilmot Proviso proposed • Prohibited slavery in these lands • Senate rejected it • U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 • Latin American nations came to fear US as the “Colossus of the North”
Wilmot Proviso • 3 Consequences • Vote in Congress not along party lines but along sectional lines • Southerners looked at this as an attack against slavery • Widened gap between North and South • Test writers use the phrase “passage of the Wilmot Proviso” as a tempting but incorrect answer. It did not pass. • Note that it did not support popular sovereignty
Test Tip • The debate over the Wilmot Proviso is important in the events leading to the Civil War. Be prepared to for an essay question asking you to explain 3 consequences of the Proviso.
Road to Disunion 1850-1860
Abolition - Effort to end slavery • William Lloyd Garrison, 1830s • most radical • white abolitionist • owned newspaper named “The Liberator” • Called for the “immediate and uncompensated emancipation of the slaves.”
The “Positive Good” Argument • First expressed in 1830s by John C. Calhoun • Insisted that slaves benefitted from a paternalistic system • being exposed to Christianity • Well-cared for slaves were better off than wage earners in textile mills
Frederick Douglas • escaped slave • Most prominent Black abolitionist • made speeches against slavery • Equal rights for women and Native Americans • owned newspaper called “North Star”
Second Great Awakening • Wave of Protestant religious enthusiasm • Played an important role in making Americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery
Test Tip • Frederick Douglas is part of a group of African-American leaders that exam writers typically devote multiple choice questions or short answer questions to one or more of these key figures • Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcom X
California Gold Rush - 1849Gold discovered near Sacramento, Sutter’s Mill.80,000+ people from around the world went to Calif. By 1850 it became a State
Test Tip • Gold Rush transformed San Francisco into a booming port city. Test writers will show you a picture of San Francisco harbor as a prompt to test your knowledge of the demographic changes caused by the Gold Rush.
Compromise of 1850 • California became a Free State • South was given The Fugitive Slave Law • runaway slaves were to be returned even if caught in the North • Abolition of slave trade in D.C. • NM and UT territories would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery • Texas agreed to give up territory in return for cancellation of loans
1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act • Split Nebraska Territory in 2 • Kansas and Nebraska • “Popular Sovereignty” • allow people to decide whether to have slavery or not • Stephen Douglas leading proponent • cancels Missouri Compromise • Split Democratic Party • Hurt Douglas presidential hopes • Revitalized Lincoln’s • Created Republican Party
“Bleeding Kansas”- 1855 • Kansas became battleground over slavery • some say Civil War actually started here John Brown
Test Tip • Test writers can use this issue to generate a long essay question or short essay questions. • Be sure you understand the consequences. • Bleeding Kansas • To Stephen Douglas • To Lincoln and the Republican Party
1857 - Dred Scott Case • Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom • Supreme Court ruled that slaves are considered property and have no rights • Slaves could not be taken from their masters • court also ruled that the MO Compromise had been unconstitutional all along • d. decision caused deep resentment in North • Cancelled the Northwest Ordinance, 1787
1858-Lincoln-Douglas debates • race for US Senate seat from Illinois • Douglas was for popular sovereignty • Lincoln attacked the “vast moral evil” of slaveryA • “House divided against itself, cannot stand.” • Douglas wins but Lincoln becomes popular
1859 - Harpers Ferry • Abolitionists, led by John Brown, attacks army arsenal for weapons • wanted to start a slave revolution • eventually captured • Brown tried and executed for treason
Nov. 1860 - Lincoln elected 16thPresident • During the campaign Lincoln said “ he would allow slavery to exist where it is today but not allow it to expand to the west”. • ultimate cause of Civil War
Dec. 1860 – South Carolina secedes from the Union • 10 other slave states (including Texas) secede • Feb. 1861 formed The Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis chosen as president
Four slave states did not secede known as “Border States” (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware)
Fight a defensive war Knew the land Great leaders Cause, Independence Larger Population Larger military More Industry More railroads Advantages
Northern Opposition to the War • Some Northern Democrats from the Midwest did not favor the war. • Felt like we could work things out peacefully • It was an Abolitionist war • The main opposition came from “Copperheads” • Southern sympathizers in the Midwest. • Irish Catholics after 1862 opposed the war
Battle of Antietam, 1862 • bloodiest single day battle • 26,000 total casualties • North captured Lee’s battle plan • Convinced England and France to stay out of the war • Enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
1863-Emancipation Proclamation • speech made by Lincoln • changed the cause for the North • From preserve the union to free the slaves • Kept England and France out of the war • freed the slaves in the South only
Emancipation Proclamation, cont • Allowed for the enlistment of freed slaves into the US Army • 200,000 join • 40,000 will be killed • 16 will win the Medal of Honor • William Harvey Carney, 1st African-American medal of honor winner • 54th Mass.
Test Tip • Antietam is the battle most likely to generate questions. Results; • 1. Union victory • 2. convinces England and France to remain neutral • 3. Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation • Strengthened Unions moral cause, free the slaves in the South only. • Did it free anyone?
War Changes the Nation • Political change • Federal government increased it’s power • Imposing a draft and income tax • Economically • North’s economy was booming • Produced goods of many kinds • South’s economy ruined • Labor system gone • Industry, railroads and many farms destroyed • Militarily • Ironclads make wooden ships obsolete
Test Tip • Civil war was a pivotal turning point in American history. Be sure you are familiar with the impact of the war on the federal government, South, and freed slaves
3 Reconstruction Plans • Lincoln’s Plan (1863) • 10% loyalty oath • Very lenient • No protection for freed slaves • Johnson’s Plan (1865) • Amnesty for most southerners • States could form their own government • No vote or role for freed slaves • Radical Reconstruction Plan (1867-1877) • Military occupation, South divided into 5 military districts • States must accept 14th and 15th amendments • Black suffrage
Civil War Amendments passed • 1865 - 13th • outlawed slavery, formally abolished • 1866 - 14th • ex-slaves became U.S. citizens • Intended to over-rule and nullify Dred Scott decision • 1870 - 15th • ex-slaves given the right to vote • More Union troop sent into South to limit acts of violence and voter intimidation against African-Americans
Civil War Amendments • Taken together they constitute a “Second Founding” • It was believed these amendments would fully protect the newly freed slaves • granting the liberties and legal equality promised in the Declaration of Independence
Test Tip • The three reconstruction amendments have generated a number of exam questions. Be sure you can identify the short and long term consequences of each.
A New Kind of Invasion • Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved South • Named after the suitcases they carried made of carpet • Viewed by Southerners as intruders • Controlled land in the South • Scalawags • Disloyal Southerners • Helped the Carpetbaggers • Despised by Southerners
Sharecropping • new form of slavery starts • ex-slaves agree to farm land owned by someone else • able to keep some of the crop for themselves • always in debt
Southern States pass “Black Codes” • which limit ex-slaves socio-economic opportunities and rights • Jim Crow Laws • Name come from white minstrel characters that sang and acted as the stereotypical ex-slaves • Made segregation a way of life in the South
Election of 1876 • Tilden vs. Hayes • Samuel Tilden received more popular votes than Rutherford Hayes • One electoral vote shy of winning • The House of Representatives now selects President • Compromise of 1877 • Hayes agreed to have one cabinet member from the South • Republicans agreed to withdraw troops and demands for racial equality in South • the House selected Hayes • Reconstruction ends Tilden
“Wave the Bloody Shirt” • a political ploy used in campaigns during the Reconstruction period. • described the attempts made by radical Republicans to defeat southern Democrats • designed to keep alive the hatreds and prejudices of the Civil War period. • in the campaigns of 1872 and 1876, orators would literally wave a bloody shirt to remind people of the casualties.
