Spatial patterns of EEG

1. Spatial patterns of EEG Each new pattern of neural activity occupies the whole bulb. It reflects context, not information. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

2. Lack of invariance of brain patterns with fixed stimuli EEG pattern classification in serial conditioning: Heraclitus was right. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

3. Mexican hat • Complex partial seizures disrupt normal behavior. • Each inhalation opens the landscape. • Expectancy creates attractor landscape. • Flat EEG reflects a point attractor. From Skarda & Freeman (1987) Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

4. SDx(t) vs. A(t), ECoG Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

5. SDx(t) vs. A(t), Simulated Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

6. Brain evolution Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

7. St. Thomas Aquinas, Hume, Intentionality Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

8. Elizabeth called Descartes on the mind body problem Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

9. The origin of voluntary action Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

10. Helmholtz, army surgeon, neuroscientist, 1st law of thermodynamics Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

11. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 “The involuntary transmission of nerve-forcemay or may not be accompanied by consciousness. Why the irritation of nerve- cells should generate or liberate nerve-force is not known; but that this is the case seems to be the conclusion arrived at by all the greatest physiologists such as Müller, Virchow, Bernard, and so on.” The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1863) p. 70 Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

12. Conservation of Nerve Energy It is “… an unquestionable truth that, at any moment, the existing quantity of liberated nerve-force, which in an inscrutable way produces in us the state we call feeling, must expend itself in some direction. … An overflow of nerve-force, undirected by any motive, will manifestly take the most habitual routes.” Essays: Scientific and Political (1893) p. 109 Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

13. Sigmund Freud Displacement “[My] approach is derived from clinical observations of ‘excessively intense’ ideas in hysteria. … I have in mind the principle of neuronic inertia. It finds expression in a current passing from dendrites to axon. … Memory is in contacts between the neurons that function as barriers.” Sigmund Freud (1893) “The Project of a Scientific Psychology”, pp. 356-359. [Three years later, Foster and Sherrington named the ‘synapse’.] Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

14. Brain theory collapsed. At the beginning of the 20th century, brain theory collapsed. Psychiatry and neurology disintegrated. The reason: ‘nerve energy’ is not conserved; brains are open, dissipative systems. Today there is still no accepted brain theory. ___________________________ _________________________________ ________ Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

15. Gilbert Ryle - Category error ___________________________ _________________________________ ________ Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

16. Kohler Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

17. Roger Sperry Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

18. The rise of information theory By the 1950s with the emergence of Computational Neural Science, the failed doctrine of “nerve energy” was replaced by the new doctrine of “neural information processing”. The power of the metaphor: Sources and sinks Information flow rates Channel capacities Information as Negentropy Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

19. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Information Technology begins in the neuron doctrine: Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1852-1934 Superior temporal gyrus Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

20. Rafael Lorente de Nó The theory of neural information processing was led by Cajal’s last graduate student, Lorente de Nó. The Entorhinal Cortex, 1934 McCulloch & Pitts, 1945 Digital Computers, AI Donald Hebb, 1949 Nerve Cell Assemblies Frank Rosenblatt, 1956 Neural Networks Hubel and Wiesel, 1959 Neurobiology Rafael Lorente de Nó 1901-1982 Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

21. Classic Thermodynamics, equilibrium Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

22. Self-organized criticality - compare to complex plane Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

23. Self-organized criticality - action perception cycle Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

24. Conclusion Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

25. Paul Valéry “I have already explained what I think of literal representation; but one cannot insist enough on this: there is no true meaning of a text. No author’s authority. Whatever he may have wanted to say, he wrote what he wrote. Once published, a text is like an implement that everyone can use as he chooses and according to his means: it is not certain that the maker could use it better than someone else.” Collected Works, 1957 Paul Valéry 1871-1945 Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley

26. Acknowledgements Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from NIMH (MH-06686), ONR (N00014-93-1-09380, and NSF (EIA-0130352). Human EEG and EMG data were collected and edited by Mark D. Holmes and Sampsa Vanhatalo in the EEG Clinic, Harborview Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, and analyzed in the Dep’t of Molecular & Cell Biology in the University of California at Berkeley. Data processing and programming were by Linda Rogers and Brian Burke. The animal data were collected in collaboration with John Barrie and Gyöngyi Gaál. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley