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A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立

A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立. Background: language under study Endangered consonantal contrasts Endangered tonal contrasts. 背景：永宁摩梭话 濒临消失的声母 濒临消失的声调. Academic Session on Issues of Language Endangerment, ICAES 2009

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A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立

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  1. A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na)永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立 • Background: language under study • Endangered consonantal contrasts • Endangered tonal contrasts • 背景：永宁摩梭话 • 濒临消失的声母 • 濒临消失的声调 Academic Session on Issues of Language Endangerment, ICAES 2009 Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS (法国科学院 米可) Latami Dashi, Ninglang Research Centre in Ethnology (丽江市宁蒗县民族文化研究所 拉他咪•达石)

  2. 1.The Na (Mosuo) language 摩梭话、 纳语、纳西语东部方言永宁土语 Sichuan Yunnan Sino-Tibetan family 汉藏语系

  3. (map courtesy of Liberty Lidz, based on map of National Minorities Commission, 1983, with indications on Na dialects from Yang Zhenhong) Yunnan

  4. The plain of Yongning永宁坝 Ninglang countyLijiang municipalityAutonym: / LMnɑ /丽江市 宁蒗县自称：/ LMnɑ /

  5. The languages of Yongning永宁坝语言情况 Chinese Na Pumi Lisu Naxi ... Before 1960s: monolingual Na speakers 汉语 傈僳语 摩梭话（纳语） 普米语 解放前：摩梭话为主要语言

  6. Generation gap in language proficiency: the big picture年龄与语言能力概况 • >60: “fully proficient”.Oral tradition: alive before 1960s. • Intermediate: “bilingual”.Na; local Chinese; standard Chinese • <20: “inadequate”. Mostly passive knowledge. >60岁：“语言能力完整”解放前：以口传文化为主 <60岁， >20岁：“双语能力” 西南官话、普通话、摩梭话 <20：“语言能力残缺” Liberty Lidz & A. Michaud (2008), “Yongning Na (Mosuo): Language Documentation in the Sino-Tibetan Borderland”, International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 41), London, 18-21 Sept. 2008.

  7. The path to simplification: endangered phonemic contrasts语言的简单化过程：濒临消失的音位对立 Table 1. Initials in Yongning Na. 永宁摩梭话的声母 Inventory from: Michaud (2008) : “Phonemic and tonal analysis of Yongning Na”. Cahiers de linguistique - Asie Orientale 37(2): 159-196.

  8. Contrast between voiced /l/ and voiceless /ɬ/; confusion with fricative /ɻ/ • Student (at boarding school): /M li/ “watch” /M ɬi/ “ear; moon” > confused to /M li//ʁæ/ in /M ʁæ.mi/ “sword”, /ɻæ/ in /#H kʰwæ.ɻæ/ “felt”>/læ/. • 35-year-old, relatively proficient speaker: preserves contrast;but: /ʁæ.mi/ “sword” > /ɻæ.mi/ • 正上高中，以汉语为主要语言学习项目的摩梭人：/M li/“看”，/M ɬi/“耳、月”都发成了/M li/，而将/M ʁæ.mi/“剑”， /#Hkʰwæ.ɻæ/ “毡子”中的/ʁæ/, /ɻæ/都发成了/læ/。 • 一位35岁的发音人虽然还保留这四个音位的对立，可是它们在词汇中的分布已经不是很明确了，例如，她将不常用的一个词 “剑”，/M ʁæ.mi/，发成了/M ɻæ.mi/，这就反映了/ʁ/、/ɻ/对立的弱化的初步阶段。

  9. Tones: simplification of an elaborate system声调系统的简单化过程 M、L、#H三种声调单独发音时都经过中和化。不同于字调（有影响力的语言：汉语）>容易失掉。

  10. Less proficient speakers go by surface forms Tonal rule in compounds: L+M>L /Lju/ ‘sheep’ +/Mŋi.gɤ/ ‘nose’ > /Lju.ŋi.gɤ/. Addition of final M tone > realized as: [ju˩ŋi˩gɤ˩˧] Gap between underlying tone and surface realization. In isolation («citation»): M tone: [Mju], [Mŋi.gɤ] Less proficient speaker [M23]: realized as: [ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧] 摩梭话有一套很完整的构成复合词的声调规则，例如：L+M>L。例词：/Lju/ ‘绵羊’+/Mŋi.gɤ/ ‘鼻子、鼻涕’> /Lju.ŋi.gɤ/。此处、表层声调与底层声调有相当大的距离：单词都发成中调（M），而复合词有低调（L）。35岁发音人：发成[ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧]，这等于一个“错误”的底层调。他的发音按照表层声调、忽视底层声调。

  11. The elaborate tone system of disyllables双音节词的声调：一个相当复杂的系统

  12. The example of tonal classes /LM/ and /LML/LM、LML两种声调的区别为什么容易失掉 [bu˩mi˧ bv̩˧] “...of a sow”, [bu˩ɬɑ˧ bv̩˩] “...of a boar” 母猪的……公猪的……（出现于长篇语料） LM and LML distinct in few contexts > low frequency > easily confused. LM、LML这两种声调的区别只有在少数的环境里才出现，多数环境里面这两种声调经过中和化（neutralization），所以它们的区别容易失掉。60岁以下的人士已经不再区分LM、LML这两种声调。

  13. Acknowledgments ConclusionGradual loss of the contrasts that do not exist in Chinese.结论汉语、摩梭话都有的音才保存得完整。 Many thanks to the Na language consultants, and to Liberty Lidz. (Any errors are our own.)

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