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Time and Change & Rocks and Structures

The Earth, approximately 4.5 billion years old, has a complex geological history marked by both rapid and gradual changes. This article explores the key concepts of geological time, including absolute and relative ages of events. It details the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, each formed through distinct processes such as cooling magma, erosion, and high-pressure transformations. The formation of geological structures like faults, folds, and strata illustrates Earth's dynamic processes, revealing how past events shape today’s landscape.

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Time and Change & Rocks and Structures

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  1. Time and Change & Rocks and Structures The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.

  2. From: http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1017_timeline.jpg Humans have been here for a VERY small part of Earth’s history. How do we know the rest?

  3. Some changes take place very quickly! From http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/landslid/plate19.jpg http://www.nhoem.state.nh.us/mitigation/Mt%20St%20Helens%20wo%20Frame.jpg

  4. http://www.ferrara.com/columbia/attivita/viaggi/arizona/scorcio%20grand%20canyon.jpg Some are much more gradual, but still dramatic!

  5. Absolute Age – The Actual time of an event in Years Relative Age – The Order that events took place.

  6. Families of Rocks IgneousSedimentaryMetamorphic Igneous – Were at one time in a hot, liquid state. http://www.bishopmuseum.org/exhibits/pastExhibits/1997/treasures/large_images/LOIHI2.jpeg

  7. Magma is molten rock that is underground Magma http://www.solarviews.com/raw/earth/earthfg2.gif

  8. Molten rock on the surface of the earth is called lava. http://mahi.ucsd.edu/Gabi/erth10.dir/lava-fountain.jpeg http://www.southwestbirders.com/Hawaii_2002/lava%20flow%20i.jpg

  9. http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/pictures/co2/volcanom.jpghttp://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/pictures/co2/volcanom.jpg When lava is blown out of a volcano in small particles it is called volcanicash.

  10. Rocks formed from lava or ash are called volcanic rocks. Basalt Obsidian http://images.google.ca/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=obsidian http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/R/K/basalt.jpg

  11. http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/floating_pumice_big.jpghttp://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/floating_pumice_big.jpg Pumice

  12. Plutonic Rock – From magma that has cooled and crystallized beneath Earth’s surface. Granite is plutonic http://www.vermontmarbleandgranite.com/granite/imggranite/g4013rosaporrino.jpg

  13. Solidifies as Plutonic Rock http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/Earth_Structure/igenous%20landforms.jpg

  14. When softer sedimentary rock is eroded, it will sometimes leave the harder plutonic rock formations.

  15. http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/seds02.jpg http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/mojave/oncolith255x212.jpg Sedimentary rock usually consists of rock fragments such as mud, sand or gravel that have been cemented together.

  16. Weathering – the physical or chemical breakdown of rock exposed to water, wind or ice. The particles resulting from weathering -carried by rivers to the sea floor-settle to form layers of sediment-become sedimentary rock

  17. If plant or animal remains are buried, they may be preserved as fossils. http://www.fox.uwc.edu/fossils/wisc/protax1.jpg

  18. A Leaf Fossil http://www.dll-fossils.com/Images/ginkgoalesleaf-web.jpg

  19. http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/imatges/rock_cycle.jpghttp://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/imatges/rock_cycle.jpg

  20. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary. They have been changed by heat and pressure under the ground.

  21. Shale (sedimentary) becomes Slate (metamorphic)

  22. Geological Structures Fractures are cracks in a body of rock.-can be formed by water freezing, earthquakes etc. http://falcon.tamucc.edu/~peichhubl/Pages/Clinkermacro.jpg

  23. http://geophysics.tau.ac.il/personal/shmulik/images/fault%20in%20Arava.jpghttp://geophysics.tau.ac.il/personal/shmulik/images/fault%20in%20Arava.jpg A fault is a fracture along which there has been movement. Faults can be caused by earthquakes.

  24. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/klondike/mi8.2dikes240x247labeled.jpghttp://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/klondike/mi8.2dikes240x247labeled.jpg Dikes are igneous rocks formed in rock fractures when magma is squeezed upward and later cools.

  25. http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week4/dike.jpg http://www.geol.lsu.edu/henry/Geology3041/lectures/04IgneousStructures/4-22.gif A dike at Shiprock New Mexico

  26. http://www.gpc.edu/~janderso/images/folds.jpg Folds occur when layers of sedimentary rock are squeezed and then buckle.

  27. Erosion Surfaces-when rock has been exposed to weathering and erosion and later reburied, the boundary is rough and uneven. http://www.oldstoneage.com/montetwhite/kadarimages/profile%20photo.jpg

  28. Strata – means there are layers. http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~tdp/images/strata.jpg

  29. Identify the structures in the diagrams on page 261 of the Text

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