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Tissue Repair

Tissue Repair. Regeneration, repair & healing of injured tissues. Repair responses following Injury/Inflammation. Regeneration. Growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures Requires an intact connective tissue scaffold. Regulation of cell populations. TYPES OF CELLS.

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Tissue Repair

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  1. Tissue Repair Regeneration, repair & healing of injured tissues

  2. Repair responses following Injury/Inflammation

  3. Regeneration Growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures Requires an intact connective tissue scaffold

  4. Regulation of cell populations

  5. TYPES OF CELLS • Labile cells • Stable cells • Permanent cells

  6. Labile cells • have a high rate of loss and replacement and therefore high capacity for regeneration. • squamous and glandular epithelia • haemopoeitic cells in bone marrow

  7. Stable cells • do not normally proliferate but can be stimulated to do so after damage. • renal tubular cells, • hepatocytes, • osteoblasts, • endothelial cells, • fibroblasts.

  8. Permanent cells • Permanent cells : unable to divide after initial development and therefore cannot regenerate when some are lost. • Neurons • Skeletal & cardiac muscle

  9. Cell Cycle

  10. Dolly the sheep, the first cloneIan Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly at Scotland's Roslin Institute in 1996Dolly Parton(singer) after whom the sheep was named

  11. STEM CELLS Regenerative Medicine Stem Cells are characterised by their prolonged self renewal capacity and by their asymmetric replication Embryonic / Adult Stem cells

  12. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Pluripotent cells that give rise to all tissues of the body To develop Knockout mice To repopulate damaged organs

  13. Therapeutic Cloning

  14. The Pros large potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array of diseases; cancers; diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer's, MS, Huntington's, Parkinson's and many more. The use of adult-derived stem cells, from blood, skin and other tissues, has been demonstrated to be effective for treating different diseases in animal models. Umbilical cord-derived stem cells have also been isolated and utilized for various experimental treatments. The Cons The major con to stem-cell research is from the religious stance that life begins at conception and to destroy it to be used for research is immoral and wrong. Currently, the use of embryonic stem cells for research involves the destruction of the blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs. Stem Cell Research

  15. ADULT STEM CELLS • More restricted differentiation capacity • Usually lineage specific • Located in sites called Niches • Bone Marrow Haematopoietic stem cells • Bone Marrow Stromal stem cells • Transdifferentiation / Developmental plasticity • Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells

  16. Stem Cell Niches

  17. Bone marrow stromal cells

  18. Differentiation of embryonic cells and generation of tissue cells by bone marrow precursors

  19. Growth Factors • Polypeptides • Some act on many cell types • Others act on restricted cellular targets • Cell locomotion, contractility, differentiation, angiogenesis, growth receptors and transcription factors

  20. Signaling mechanisms in Cell Growth

  21. Signal Transduction Pathways • Receptors with Tyrosine kinase activity • Receptors lacking Tyrosine kinase activity • Seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors • Steroid Hormone receptors

  22. Transcription Factors • C-myc • C-jun • C-fos • p53

  23. ECM and Cell-Matrix interaction

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