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Understanding Carbohydrates: Energy Source and Structure

Learn about carbohydrates, the primary source of energy, consisting of simple sugars and polysaccharides. Discover how they function, their role in energy storage, and why some animals can digest cellulose.

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Understanding Carbohydrates: Energy Source and Structure

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates: Energy molecules Why have so many people turned to low-carb diets if carbs our are main source of energy?

  3. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Energy molecules Carbohydrates: • Function: Primary source of energy • Monomer: Simple sugars (monosaccharides & disaccharides) • Polymer: Starches (polysaccharides)

  4. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Building block molecules = • Carbohydrates only contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenin a 1:2:1 (C:H:O) sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

  5. Carbohydrates • Example • sugars • starches • cellulose (cell wall) • Function: • quick energy • energy storage • structure glucoseC6H12O6 starch

  6. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH glucose sucrose fructose C6H12O6 Sugars = building blocks -ose • Names for sugars usually end in • glucose • fructose • sucrose • maltose

  7. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 2 sugars = disaccharide monosaccharides | glucose | glucose | maltose

  8. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 2 sugars = disaccharide monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) | glucose | fructose

  9. BIG carbohydrates • Starch • energy storage in plants • potatoes • Glycogen • energy storage in animals • in liver & muscles • Cellulose • structure in plants • cell walls • Chitin • structure in arthropods & fungi • exoskeleton

  10. Building BIG carbohydrates polysaccharide glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) energystorage glycogen (animal)

  11. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  12. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage

  13. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  14. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose? • bacteria live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

  15. QUIZ (Do not go to next slide until finished with this quiz.) • What is the monomer of carbohydrates ? • What is the polymer of carbohydrates ? • What is the main function of carbohydrates ? • What is the ratio of C:H:O in carbohydrates ? • How do we store carbohydrates? • If you need a quick energy burst, should you eat an item higher in sugar or starch? • What is cellulose? • Why are cows able to digest cellulose ?

  16. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Polysaccharides (starch) • They are our main source of energy. • 1:2:1 • As glycogen • sugar • Plant starch • They have bacteria in their digestive system that breaks it down.

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