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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. “ The Confederation and the Constitution ”. A Revolution of Sentiments. The exodus of some 80,000 Loyalists robbed the country of a conservative ballast. Upper class Patriots rose up to power as the elite.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 “The Confederation and the Constitution”

  2. A Revolution of Sentiments • The exodus of some 80,000 Loyalists robbed the country of a conservative ballast. • Upper class Patriots rose up to power as the elite. • The new spirit of equality even inspired a few slave owners to free their slaves. • Challenge to the new government was to come up with a form of government that was acceptable to all 13 states. • Wanted a government that was strong enough to serve them but not strong enough to dominate them. • The government must never become tyrannical

  3. Republican Motherhood • Mothers devoted to their families were developed as an idea of “republican motherhood” and elevated women to higher statuses as keepers of the nation’s conscience.

  4. John Singleton Copley

  5. Republican Motherhood

  6. State Constitutions • 2nd Continental Congress urged the states to draw up new constitutions. • Must exclude England, Parliament, king, and government • All constitutions must be written • Parts of state constitutions • Began with a declaration of independence • Must have a list of rights against government • State governmental framework – bicameral or unicameral • Weakening in the power of governor

  7. Economic Changes From the War • Loyalist property was parceled and sold • No trade with Great Britain meant the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the United States. • Free trade – no more navigation laws and mercantilism • Wartime inflation • Distaste for any and all taxes – even necessary taxes

  8. Articles of Confederation • 2nd Continental Congress, the interim form of government, drafted the Articles of Confederation in 1777. • Articles were not drafted until 1781 because of a dispute over western land claims. • The problems was that states like New York and Virginia had huge tracts of land west of the Alleghenies while some states had no land claims. • Maryland held up passage of the Articles because unanimity was required to pass the document • Solution found when the states gave up their land claims to Congress, after which the Articles passed.

  9. Articles of Confederation • Articles provided for a loose confederation of states. • Congress under the Articles ran the country. • Equal representations by states. Each state had a single vote, so that some 68,000 Rhode Islanders had the same voice as more than ten times that many Virginians • All bills dealing with specified subjects of importance required at least a two-thirds vote. • Any amendment of the Articles themselves required a unanimous vote. • Congress had no power to regulate commerce • Congress could not enforce its tax-collection program • Powers of Congress included: dealing with other countries, settling disputes between states, declaring war and coining or borrowing money.

  10. Citizens of Each State Elects State Gov’t NH MA RI CT NY PA NJ DE MD VA NC SC GA Congress Each State = 1 Vote No Executive No Judicial System

  11. Land Ordinance of 1785 • The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the money would go to Congress. • This area would be surveyed and then divided into townships six miles square, which would then be divided into 36 square sections with one set aside for public schools.

  12. Land Ordinance of 1785

  13. Northwest Ordinance of 1787aka Add-A-State Plan • 3 stages to eventual full democracy and statehood • When a territory has enough people Congress would send a governor, secretary, and 3 judges. • When the population reached 5000 free white males of voting age a legislature would be chosen by the people • When the population reached 60,000 free white males of voting age they could apply for statehood. • Slavery was outlawed in the Northwest Territory

  14. Failures of the Articles • United States was not taken seriously by the rest of the world. • No leadership. No president, king, prime minister, etc. • No military • Could not get rid of Great Britain in the west which eventually led to the War of 1812 • Could do nothing when Spain closed off the Mississippi River to Americans • Unpaid bills – because of the inability to tax states bills could not be paid • Internal strive • Shays Rebellion – Massachusetts farmers protested government because of excess taxes • Rioted in Boston and because of the lack of a military the rioters could not be stopped. • Lack of internal improvements

  15. Shays Rebellion • It took the United States army six months to quell the rebellion. In an effort to strengthen their power, the Northern bourgeoisie and the slaveholding planters of the South decided to amend the constitution. In 1787 representatives of the bourgeoisie and the slave-holders, acting in greatest secrecy, drafted a new constitution, which has remained basically in force to this day.

  16. Successes of the Articles • Stepping stone government to the Constitution • Charting of westward settlement • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Brought Revolutionary War to an end • Drew up the Treaty of Paris of 1783 with Great Britain

  17. Annapolis Meeting • In 1786 in Annapolis, Maryland a convention was called, but only five states were represented. • Called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation

  18. Philadelphia Convention • On May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island was absent) met in Philadelphia to “revise the Articles of Confederation.” • The 55 delegates were rich and young (average age 42), and they hoped to preserve the union, protect the American democracy from abroad and preserve it at home, and curb mobocracy rampant in various states. • George Washington was unanimously elected chairman • James Madison became the “Father of the Constitution” • Became known as the Constitutional Convention after the Founding Fathers illegally decided to scrap the Articles and start over again.

  19. Founding Fathers Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828 A portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792. U.S. Library of Congress Gilbert Stuart American, 1755 - 1828

  20. Great Compromise • Compromise that would determine the number of representatives and the House. • Big states Vs. little states • Virginia Plan – Proposal that would let population determine the number of representatives and the House. • New Jersey Plan – Proposal that would call for equal representation in the House. One vote one state. • Connecticut Compromise – Two house Congress • Senate – for the small states. Two senators for each state • House of Representatives – for the big states. Representation based on population. The bigger the state the more representatives • All tax and revenue bills must start in the House because big states shoulder much of the nations tax burden

  21. Compromise on Election of President • President elected indirectly by the Electoral College, rather than directly by the people.

  22. 3/5 Compromise • Southern state Vs Northern state • Dealt with representation in the House • Southerners wanted to count all of their slaves toward the population • Northerners them to count none of the slaves • Compromise – 3/5 of the slaves counted toward the population in the south

  23. Trade Compromise

  24. Guarding Against the Masses • Federal judges elected for life. • Judges chosen by the president and approved by Congress • Electoral College • Senators originally chosen by state legislatures not the people • Only one-half of one branch chosen by the people (House of Representatives)

  25. 3 Branches of Government • Executive • President • Legislative • Congress • Senate • House • Judicial • Supreme Court

  26. System of Checks and Balances

  27. How a Bill Becomes a Law

  28. A member of the House or Senate introduces a bill. Let's pretend the voters from Senator Jones' state (constituents) want a law requiring seatbelts on school buses. He and his staff write a bill, which is a draft (early version) of the proposed law. The bill is then passed out to each Senator.

  29. A Bill is reviewed by committees. A Standing Committee (a small, permanent group made up of legislators who studies and reports on bills) reviews the bill and does one of three things: 1. Sends the bill back with no changes. 2. Makes changes and sends it back. 3. Tables the bill -- In other words, they can do nothing.

  30. The Bill is reviewed by committees. If the committee sends it back with no changes, then the bill goes on the Senate's calendar to be voted on. When that day comes, the bill is voted on and over half of the senators (51 of 100) must vote yes to pass it.

  31. The Bill is reviewed by committees. If the bill is passed by the Senate, it then moves to the other branch of Congress, the House of Representatives. The bill goes to a House committee, which studies the bill, and then is voted on by the representatives. Just as in the Senate, over half of the representatives (218 of 435) must vote yes to pass the bill.

  32. The House and Senate vote to approve the bill.The bill goes to the President.

  33. If the President signs The bill, it becomes law. Veto or Sign If the President vetoes the bill, it returns to congress. If the bill gets a 2/3rds majority vote in Congress, it becomes a law.

  34. Constitution • Preamble • Article I - The Legislative Branch • Article II - The Executive Branch • Article III - The Judicial Branch • Article IV - The States • Article V – Amendment • Article VI - The United States • Article VII - Ratification

  35. Bill of Rights • Amendment 1 - Freedom of Religion, Press, Expression • Amendment 2 - Right to bear Arms • Amendment 3 - Quartering of soldiers • Amendment 4 - Search and Seizure • Amendment 5 - Trial and Punishment, Compensation for Takings • Amendment 6 - Right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses • Amendment 7 - Trial by jury in civil cases • Amendment 8 - Cruel and Unusual punishment • Amendment 9 - Construction of Constitution • Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People

  36. Signing of the Constitution Delegates to the Philadelphia convention of 1787 sign the newly written Constitution in this 1940 painting by Howard Chandler Christy. These men are often referred to as the "Founding Fathers." (Painting by Howard Chandler Christy, ctsy. U.S. House of Representatives)

  37. Federalist Vs Anti-Federalists

  38. Electoral College • Electoral votes by state

  39. Ratification of the Constitution • Federalists needed 9 of 13 states to ratify the Constitution • Four small states quickly ratified the Constitution, and Pennsylvania was the first large state to act. • Massachusetts finally ratified it after a promise of a bill of rights to be added later. • Three more states ratified, and on June 21, 1788, the Constitution was officially adopted after nine states had ratified. • All but Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island had ratified

  40. Federalist Papers • The 85 Federalist Papers were written between October 1787 and May 1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Through publishing them, the authors hoped to both explain the new Constitution to the people of America and to garner their support for it. Originally published anonymously, under the name "Publius," the Federalist Papers appeared in various New York state newspapers of the period.

  41. Constitution Ratified! • New York was swayed by The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after realizing that it could prosper apart from the union. • North Carolina and Rhode Island finally ratified after intense pressure from the government • Conservationism was victorious, as the safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses.

  42. Constitution • President George W. Bush and Laura Bush view the U.S. Constitution with National Archivist John Carlin, second on left, and Senior Curator Stacy Bredhoff, second on right, while touring the National Archives in Washington, D.C., Wednesday, Jan. 19, 2005. The Bushes also looked at the Declaration of Independence, George Washington's handwritten inaugural address, George Washington and President George H. W. Bush's inaugural Bible, and the Bill of Rights. White House photo by Eric Draper

  43. The United States in 1787

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