State Formation in East Asia

1. State Formation in East Asia

2. Part 3: State Formations in Korea Chosŏn Puyŏ Koguryŏ Paekche Silla

3. Chosŏn

4. Chosŏn Tan’gun Chosŏn – 2333 BC – Mythological Mid-4th Century BC – Yan encountered Chosŏn Ca. 282 BC – Yan pushed by Chosŏn from Liaodong Ca. 196 BC –Wei Man (of Yan) attacks Chosŏn, becomes its king 108 BC – Han destroyed Chosŏn, established Lelang and three other commanderies

5. Chosŏn Location of Chosŏn not archaeologically identified; Probably based at Pyongyang Wei Man’s Chosŏn a conquest state; Lelang imposed on top of Chosŏn structure Chosŏn myths appeared during Han period Jizi (Kija) associated with Chosŏn; Tan’gun appeared later; neither seems related to actual state.

6. Puyŏ

7. Puyŏ Formed on Songhua River in modern Jilin Xituanshan Bronze Age Culture Introduction of iron from Yan, horse (probably) from steppe cultures to the west Rapid social change, new styles of pottery, burial; introduction of mounted warfare. Puyŏ myth claims rulers came from T’angni, but that polity is otherwise unknown.

8. Koguryŏ

9. Koguryŏ Formed first century BC on tributary of Yalu River Myth claims Chumong fled from Puyŏ to found Koguryŏ Han Commandery of Xuantu influenced social Structure of pre-state Koguryŏ; engaged leader In client relations 12 AD – Wang Mang’s heavy-handed policies agitated border polities; rebellions followed Ca. 106 AD – Koguryŏ forces withdrawal of Xuantu

10. Paekche

11. Paekche Traditionally established in 18 BC by a son of Chumong. Chinese records show that no such state then existed, earliest mention of Paekche state is in 372. Archaeology: Paekche state formed on the Han River in modern Seoul around late-third century; capital at the Pungnap walled site. In mid-third century, the Paekche region was occupied by over fifty minor polities, one of which was named Paekche.

12. Paekche Warfare with Lelang commandery around 246 P’ungnap site shows evidence of extensive trade with Han and with other regions of the Korean peninsula By the fourth century the site is clearly a capital of a state-level polity engaged in trade and expansion over a broad extent. Trade with Han through Lelang was possible catalyst for state formation

13. Silla

14. Silla Traditionally established in 57 BC – not likely Mid-Third century, 12 polities of China in southeast part of peninsula; traded with Lelang Exploited iron resources, traded broadly, basis for power By late-fourth century – Silla state had formed; strongly influenced by Koguryŏ Silla a stable polity by mid-fifth century

15. Part 4: State Formation in Japan Sources: Traditional Japanese Accounts Chinese Descriptions Archaeology Jomon  Yayoi  Kofun (Yayoi: 300 BC – 300 AD) Tradition: Jimmu founded Yamato in 660 BC; state established in Kinai region

16. Archaeology: Two bronze cultures formed in Japan: Northern Kyushu and Kinai Cultural influx from Korea: Ca. 600 BC – wet-rice agriculture, bronze goods and production; focused on Northern Kyushu Ca. first century BC – goods from Lelang reach Northern Kyushu (mirrors); iron enters from Korea; After ca. 100 AD Northern Kyushu declined; Kinai strengthened; by late-fifth century, Yamato state formed in Kinai

17. Chinese records: Mid-Third century description in the Wei Chronicle Himiko – Queen of Wa, ruled from Yamatai; defended settlement, received mirrors from Wei; buried in large mounded tomb Was Yamatai in Kyushu or Kinai? Yoshinogari Kurozuka

18. Traditional records may provide clues. Sujin: 219-249 – first historic ruler of Yamato; his aunt might have been Himiko; buried at Hashihaka Tomb in Makimuku, Nara Bottom Line: Introduction of goods and technologies prompted social Change in northern Kyushu, later Han and Wei contacts Furthered pace of social change Yamato state formed in Kinai after Kyushu declined; a recognizable state by late-fifth century