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Single Pilot IFR

Single Pilot IFR. Single Pilot IFR. Single Pilot IFR. In this presentation we will discuss: Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) IFR Qualification Pre-Flight Planning In-Flight Task Management. Definitions of CRM. There are actually two definitions for the acronym. They are

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Single Pilot IFR

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  1. Single Pilot IFR

  2. Single Pilot IFR

  3. Single Pilot IFR In this presentation we will discuss: • Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) • IFR Qualification • Pre-Flight Planning • In-Flight Task Management

  4. Definitions of CRM There are actually two definitions for the acronym. They are • Crew Resource Management, and • Cockpit Resource Management. They are used interchangeably but have slightly different connotations. Regardless, both can be used effectively by a single pilot.

  5. Definitions of CRM Cockpit Resource Management can be all inclusive and encompass Crew Resource Management or it can be taken to simply cover effectively using the equipment and tools in the cockpit.

  6. Definitions of CRM Crew Resource Management addresses effectively using the entire crew but can also be taken to include the aircraft systems in the cockpit. There are principles of crew management that can be adapted to the single pilot environment.

  7. CRM History The idea of CRM started with a NASA workshop on Resource Management on the Flightdeck in 1979. The concern was to improve flight safety in the air transport industry by making more effective use of the crew and equipment in the cockpit – to overcome something called co-pilot syndrome

  8. CRM History The original NASA focus or first generation CRM was Cockpit Resource Management but this morphed into Crew Resource Management in the 1980s and the second generation of CRM. Third generation CRM in the 1990s attempted to expand the concept to cabin crews, dispatchers and maintenance groups.

  9. CRM History On the flight deck the idea was to make sure the challenge and response of the checklist meant something more than giving the correct answer. Additionally, they were looking for a way the co-pilot could validate flight management decisions without eroding the captain’s authority.

  10. CRM History The Air Force became interested in Cockpit Resource Management for single seat aircraft in the early 1990s when they realized pilots were becoming so pre-occupied with tasks in the cockpit at low altitude that they were inadvertently flying into the ground. They called it CFIT – “Controlled Flight Into Terrain”

  11. CRM Theory Crew Resource Management in the multi-place environment looks to the crew to work as a team to back each other up and have delineated duties to share the cockpit work load. One pilot flys the plane and responds to the checklist while the other reads the checklist, handles the nav/com and keeps up with navigation and other cockpit duties

  12. CRM Theory Crew Resource Management in the single pilot environment attempts to create a second voice in the cockpit through procedural check lists and decision making activities: • Delay/abort for weather or maintenance • Land short of the intended destination for mechanical problems or malfunctions • Divert from the intended destination for Wx or fuel

  13. CRM Theory Cockpit Resource Management in the single seat and multi-place cockpit looks to good pre-flight planning to reduce in flight work load and effective multi-task management during flight to focus attention on the priority task making maximum use of aircraft systems to assist the pilot(s) as they conduct the flight.

  14. Civilian Planning & Decision Making Situational Awareness Communications Teamwork Stress Crew Coordination Military Mission Planning Situation Awareness Decision Making Task Management Communications Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination CRM TheoryKey Elements & Cognitive Skills

  15. CRM Theory • Planning: Pre-flight analysis, planning, in-progress flight evaluation, and post flight critique • Situational Awareness (SA): How to maintain SA, recognizing loss of SA, and regaining SA • Decision Making: Risk assessment, break downs in judgment and flight discipline, problem solving and control measures • Stress: Completing the flight, passenger confidence, personal expectations, expectations of others

  16. CRM Theory • Task Management: Establishing priorities, recognizing overload, complacency, use of aircraft systems, available resources, checklist discipline, following operating procedures • Communications: Common errors, cultural influences, language, idioms, listening, saying what’s important • Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination: Putting it all together, personal skills & limitations, behavioral styles, avenues of dissent, and team building

  17. CRM Theory • CRM helps the pilot manage cockpit work load so the tasks don’t exceed the pilot’s capacity at any given time. • Pilot capacity is fairly constant during a flight • Work load varies as the flight progresses

  18. CRM Theory This chart depicts pilot work load during various flight phases as a percent of pilot capacity, that is the number of things the pilot can effectively handle at any given moment. * NOTE: The values depicted are notional for the example and not based on any actual data

  19. CRM Theory During a normal flight work load will not approach capacity, but when the unexpected happens or the flight planning was incomplete, work load can approach or exceed pilot capacity to cope.

  20. CRM Theory When work load exceeds capacity the problem is obvious. The insidious problem is that as work load approaches 100%, your stress goes up and the ability to make good decisions goes down.

  21. CRM and You Let’s break our efforts to improve our effectiveness in the cockpit into two areas: • Pre-flight and • in the air There are two great tools to help with pre-flight planning and flight management in the air. Both give you a check list to put a virtual co-pilot next to you as you plan and fly.

  22. CRM and You In the pre-flight phase we can use the mnemonic PAVE to plan a safe flight and in the air use CARE to maintain situational awareness and make effective flight management decisions. Good pre-flight planning makes it easier to be ahead of the airplane in the air, organizes your tasks, and allows for better decision making during the flight.

  23. CRM and You In pre-flight planning the PAVE checklist reminds you to consider: • Pilot: Health (IMSAFE - Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotional state) qualifications, capabilities, currency, proficiency, IFR/VFR • Aircraft: Equipment, performance, load, fuel capacity, runway surface and length, operating ceiling, limitations

  24. CRM and You The PAVE checklist continued: • EnVironment: Weather, personal minimums, terrain, over water, high altitude operations, airspace and NOTAMs • External Pressures: Expectant host, planned meeting, special event, passengers

  25. CRM and You • Elements in the PAVE checklist are cumulative. A major problem in any area is reason to cancel the flight but multiple minor problems in more than one area can also make delaying the flight a good idea. • A single problem in any area should be a yellow flag to take notice but two or more problem areas should be a red flag to take action and change your plan.

  26. CRM and You Once you’re airborne use the CARE checklist to stay on top of factors affecting the flight. • Consequences: Consider consequences of changing risk factors during the flight (Pilot, Aircraft, EnVironment, and External pressures) and the decisions you make regarding them. • Alternatives: Have a back up when you can’t continue as planned, remembering that your alternatives will decrease as the flight progresses and you burn the fuel that will allow you to take a different route or divert

  27. CRM and You The CARE checklist continued: • Reality: Maintain situational awareness and deal with the actual conditions, not what you hoped or planned would happen. Accept change and take proper action • External pressures: Other people or personal commitments cause goal oriented behavior at the expense of making good decisions.

  28. CRM and You As with the PAVE checklist, items in the CARE checklist are also cumulative. While a single major problem in any area can cause a complete change of plans, minor problems in two or more items of the CARE checklist should cause you to re-evaluate the situation and take appropriate action

  29. CRM and You The PAVE and CARE checklists are your virtual co-pilot, the challenging voice in the back of your head that causes you to evaluate each flight management decision you make and validate that decision against a personal standard rather than just winging it.

  30. CRM and You PAVE and CARE will help you in all six areas of CRM: • Planning • Situational Awareness • Decision Making • Communications • Teamwork • Stress On the ground and in the air.

  31. CRM and You PAVE and CARE will help your flight planning and flight management so you have options readily available when the unexpected happens.

  32. CRM and You Planning en-route weather alternates before you take off reduces unexpected work load in the cockpit if the need to alter your route or divert to another airfield becomes necessary during the flight

  33. CRM and You Looking up arrival field frequencies and field information during pre-flight planning rather than when you are approaching your destination allows you more time to clear and concentrate on navigation and controller instructions as you approach your destination.

  34. CRM and You Finally, regardless of the phase of flight, when a malfunction or in-flight emergency happens and you have to devote full attention to that, thorough pre-flight planning will have good alternatives readily available for you to select without having to devote a lot of thinking and analysis to the situation.

  35. CRM and You The difference between a pleasant cross country and a stressful trip can be controlled by the pilot. Good flight planning and management tools like PAVE and CARE and the principles of CRM let you control the situation better and make the flight more enjoyable

  36. IFR Qualification • FAA Instrument Rating • Currency, Recency, Proficiency • Additional Qualifications • Type Rating • High Altitude Endorsement • RVSM • RNP • SAAAR

  37. Pre-Flight Planning • PAVE • Review Routing • Good Weather Briefing • Review Departure(s) • Review Arrival(s) • Take off & Landing Data (TOLD Card) • Consider Alternates Now

  38. In-Flight Management • CARE • Clearance Delivery • Get it before you taxi • Make sure you understand • Review the effect of changes • Program in FMS

  39. In-Flight Management (cont) • Hold Short • CHORD • Changes • Hazards • Operations • Restrictions • Departure • Review TOLD • Cockpit Organized

  40. In-Flight Management (cont) • Departure • Intermediate level offs • Other restrictions • Clearance limit/Expect further clearance • Enroute (CARE) • Monitor Flight’s Progress • Insure you can continue as planned • Have alternatives available • Review arrival procedures • Arrival • Have the proper approach plate out & ready • Plan your descent • Be alert for altitude and speed restrictions

  41. In-Flight Management (cont) • Approach • Listen up for variations • Fly a stabilized approach • Know your minimums • Be ready for the missed approach • Landing • Hit the window • Continue or go missed • Fly the airplane to the chocks

  42. In-Flight Management (cont) • Talk to yourself (and listen) • Checklist not “Do” list • Before Take Off • Take Off • Airspeed’s alive • V1 • After Take Off • Positive rate • Gear up • Vref • Flaps up • Level Off • 1000’ before

  43. In-Flight Management (cont) • Talk to yourself (and listen) • Descent • 1000 before level off • Arrival • Localizer’s alive • Glideslope’s alive • 500 feet to minimums • 500 feet AGL check window • 300, 200, 100 feet to minimums • Runway in sight

  44. In-Flight Management (cont) • Who’s Your Friend? • ATC is a resource • Normal conditions • Weather • See & Avoid • Separation • Extra Help • Emergencies • Dedicated Co-pilot

  45. FAASafety.gov • Register at FAASafety.gov • Document your support for the program • Attend Safety Seminars • Green Stamps in the Bank • NASA Incident Reporting • Immunity for unintentional violations • 5 year clock • Must be able to document to be able to use

  46. Flying is not inherently dangerous, but to an even greater extent than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity, or neglect.

  47. ich Martindell Wild Blue Yonder Aviation Safety Consultant and Aircraft Accident Investigator rich@wild-blue-yonder.com http://www.wild-blue-yonder.com 619-253-7649

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