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Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

Conflict, Security, & Cooperation . Conflict , Security, & Cooperation. About C, S, & C Types of Force Conventional Unconventional Special operations Terrorism Piracy Approaches to State Security The cooperation continuum Unilateral self-defense to pacifism. Military Spending 2011.

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Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

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  1. Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

  2. Conflict, Security, & Cooperation • About C, S, & C • Types of Force • Conventional • Unconventional • Special operations • Terrorism • Piracy • Approaches to State Security • The cooperation continuum • Unilateral self-defense to pacifism

  3. Military Spending 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures

  4. About Conflict, Cooperation, & Security

  5. Conflict Changes over Time 4 Main Changes • Increase in arms transfers • Cold War and post-Cold War • UK weapons sales • Increase in severity of conflict • Technology • Increase in frequency of conflict • Decolonization • Civil unrest

  6. Conflict Changes over Time 4 Main Changes • Change in focus of security • Guns and bombs • Guns kill far more people than bombs • Human security • For GN, much easier • In GS, a challenge

  7. When you stop to get gas, are you likely to see this guy? Convenience store security guard, Guatemala

  8. Types of Force

  9. Conventional v. Unconventional Force Conventional: • Disputes between states • Can be declared wars or acts of aggression Unconventional: • Disputes provoked by non-state actors

  10. Unconventional Force 3 Types of Unconventional Force • Special Operations • Terrorist Acts • Piracy

  11. #1 Special Operations • Espionage • Spy games not new • Intelligence gathering • Overt v. covert force • Undermine government from within • Influence a country’s policies • Paramilitary training, troops • Monetary, technical, intelligence support

  12. #2 Terrorist Acts: Domestic • What is terrorism? • Types of Terrorism • Domestic, International, State-Sponsored • Domestic • How do people challenge their government? • Coup d’état, assassinations, guerrilla fighting • Colombia’s National Liberation Army • Basque separatist group Eta • Why might domestic opposition be considered terrorism? • Freedom fighters • Syria’s rebel Free Syrian Army • Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey

  13. #2 Terrorist Acts: International International • Not a new phenomenon • Organize and/or attack across state borders • Al Qaeda • Taliban • Cold War v. post-Cold War • Linked to colonization, hijacks for political leverage • IRA v. UK; Algeria v. France • TWA Flight 847- Hezbollah • Cruise ship AchilleLauro-PLO • Target US and Western cultural influence • 9/11, Madrid, London, Bali

  14. #2 Terrorist Acts: State-Sponsored State-Sponsored Terrorism • International terrorism • Syria and Iran Hezbollah, Hamas • Sudan, Afghanistan, Somalia al-Qaeda • Libya Pan Am Flight 103

  15. #3 Piracy • Difficult to police international waters • Not new phenomenon • Recently revived • Concern piracy will increase due to ‘Pirate Value Chain’ • More common near loosely-governed and failed states poor people • Nigeria • Somalia

  16. The Cooperation Continuum

  17. The Cooperation Continuum

  18. Unilateral Self-Defense • Traditional approach to securing a state • Idea that states either defend or be overtaken • Self-defense through military spending • Self-defense v. acts of aggression

  19. Limited Self Defense Can be bilateral or multilateral • During CW- often bilateral US & SU treaties • Multilateral often through UN Types of arms limitation pacts: • Conventional: Antipersonnel Mine Treaty • Nuclear: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) • Chemical: Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) • Biological: Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

  20. International Security Forces Collective Security through IGOs: Regional IGOs • NATO in Afghanistan • ECOWAS in Ivory Coast • Arab League in Syria • Conflict spilled into neighboring Lebanon • Divided between pro- and anti-Syrian government supporters • Why intervene? • Economic, political, social interests

  21. International Security Forces Collective Security through IGOs: Global IGOs • INTERPOL • UN • Peacekeeping • First used in 1948 in Kashmir and Palestine • 13 missions from 1948-1988 resulting from decolonization • Relied on non-UNSC member troops • Changed at end of CW • Considered ‘second-generation’ of peacekeeping • Includes UNSC member troops • Peacemaking • Combination of troops and civilian personnel • Monitors elections • Encourages peaceful negotiations • Food distribution • Peacebuilding

  22. Abolition of War • Pacifism • War is morally wrong • Ranges from opposing all violence, to using violence as last resort • Bottom-up theory of peace • Passive non-violent resistance • Sit ins, protests, civil disobedience • Way to make a statement • Gandhi, MLK • George Clooney • Push for complete disarmament • Requires full cooperation • Realistic international security approach?

  23. Conflict, Security, & Cooperation • About C, S, & C • Conventional & unconventional force • Approaches to state security range from unilateral to fully cooperative • States use regional & global IGOs

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