Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal: Transforming American Governance in the Late 1800s

1. CHAPTER 8- SECTION 4 ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

2. IN THE LATE 1800S • THE U.S. HADSEVERAL • WEAK PRESIDENTS • – THEODORE ROOSEVELT • CHANGED ALL THAT

3. ROOSEVELT PASSED • PROGRESSIVE • REFORMS AND • EXPANDED THE • POWERS OF THE • PRESIDENCY • – HE ALSO CHANGED • THE WAYAMERICANS • VIEWED THE ROLES • OFTHE PRESIDENT • AND THE • GOVERNMENT

4. ROOSEVELT WAS THE YOUNGEST MAN TO • BE PRESIDENT • – ONLY 43 YEARS OLD

5. RISE TO THE PRESIDENCY • ROOSEVELT GRADUATED • FROM HARVARD THEN • WENT TO COLUMBIA LAW • SCHOOL • – HE WAS ELECTED TO THE • NEW YORK STATE ASSEMBLY • AND SERVED THERE FOR • THREE YEARS

6. AFTER THE • DEATHS OF HIS • MOTHER AND HIS • WIFE ALICE, • ROOSEVELT RETIRED • TO A RANCH OUT WEST • – THIS IS WHERE HE • GOT HIS LOVE OF • THE WILDERNESS

7. 1889 ROOSEVELT • RETURNED TO POLITICS • AS THE PRESIDENT OF • THE NEW YORK CITY’S • BOARD OF POLICE • COMMISSIONERS • – WHERE HE GAINED • FAME BY FIGHTING • CORRUPTION

8. PRESIDENT MCKINLEY • NAMED THEODORE ROOSEVELT • AS • ASSISTANT SECRETARY • OF THE NAVY

9. WHEN THE • SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • BROKE OUT • ROOSEVELT • RESIGNED HIS • POSITION AND • FORMED THE • ROUGH RIDERS • – A VOLUNTARY • CALVARY UNIT • THAT BECAME • FAMOUS • DURING THE • WAR

10. AFTER THE WAR ROOSEVELT WAS ELECTED GOVERNOR • OF NEW YORK AND PUSHED FOR PROGRESSIVE • REFORMS • – THESE REFORMS ANNOYED REPUBLICAN LEADERS • WHO URGED MCKINLEY TO TAKE HIM AS HIS RUNNING • MATE IN THE 1900 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

11. MCKINLEY WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT BUT ASSASSINATED A FEW MONTHS LATER MAKING ROOSEVELT PRESIDENT

12. ROOSEVELT’S LEADERSHIP STYLE ENABLED HIM TO • REDEFINE THE PRESIDENCY • – HE USED HIS PRESIDENTIAL POWERS TO: • 1. BUST ILLEGAL MONOPOLIES • 2.REDUCE ABUSIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES • 3. MAKE A SYMBOLIC STATEMENT AGAINST • SEGREGATION (PAGE 235)

13. ROOSEVELT CALLED HIS PROGRAM THE • SQUARE DEAL • – ITS GOALS WERE TO KEEP THE WEALTHY • AND POWERFUL FROM TAKING ADVANTAGE • OF SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS AND THE • POOR

14. TRUSTBUSTING AND REGULATING INDUSTRY • 1902 PENNSYLVANIA COAL • MINERS WENT ON STRIKE • FOR HIGHER WAGES AND • A SHORTER WORKDAY • – ROOSEVELT • SYMPATHIZED BUT • WANTED TO END THE • STRIKE BECAUSE COAL • WAS NEEDED FOR • FACTORIES AND • HOMES

15. ROOSEVELT TRIED TO • CONVINCE THE MINE • OWNERS TO LISTEN TO THE • WORKERSCONCERNS BUT • WAS UNSUCCESSFUL • – HE THREATENED THE • OWNERS WITH FEDERAL • TROOPS TO TAKE • CONTROL OF THE MINE • – WORKED – • -- THE OWNERS DID GIVE A • PAY RAISE ANDSHORTER • WORK DAY

16. THIS WAS THE FIRST TIME THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STEPPED IN TO HELP WORKERS IN A LABOR DISPUTE

17. ROOSEVELT • CONVINCED • CONGRESS TO • ESTABLISH THE • DEPARTMENT OF • COMMERCE AND • LABOR TO MONITOR • BUSINESSES ENGAGED • IN INTERSTATE • COMMERCE AND TO • KEEP CAPITALISTS • FROM ABUSING THEIR • POWER

18. RAILROADS • RAILROAD COMPANIES • COULD CHARGE WHATEVER • THEY WANTED FOR • TRANSPORTING GOODS • – PROBLEM FOR WESTERN • FARMERS TO GET THEIR • GOODS SHIPPED EAST

19. THE INTERSTATE • COMMERCE COMMISSION • WAS SUPPOSED TO MAKE • SURE ALL SHIPPERS • WERE CHARGED THE • SAME AMOUNTS • – THE SUPREME COURT • STRIPPED AWAY MUCH • OF THEIR POWER BY • 1900

20. ROOSEVELT CONVINCED • CONGRESS TO PASS TWO LAWS • CONCERNING RAILROADS: • 1. ELKINS ACT – IMPOSED FINES • ON RIALROADS THAT GAVE • SPECIAL RATES TO FAVORED • SHIPPERS • 2.HEPBURN ACT – GAVE THE • ICC STRONG ENFORMCEMENT • POWERS • – GAVE THE GOVERNMENT THE • AUTHORITY TO SET AND LIMIT • SHIPPING COSTS • – ALSO SET MAXIMUM PRICES • FOR FERRIES, BRIDGE TOLLS • AND OIL PIPELINES

21. ROOSEVELT AND HIS • ADMINISTRATION GAINED A • REPUTATION AS TRUSTBUSTERS • HE DID NOT WANT TO BRING • DOWN ALL LARGE COMPANIES • – BELIEVED THERE WAS A • DIFFERENCE IN • “GOOD TRUSTS” AND “BAD TRUSTS” • HE BELIEVED BIG BUSINESSES • WERE BAD ONLY IF IT BULLIED • SMALLER ONES OR CHEATED • CONSUMERS • HE SUPPORTED BIG BUSINESS AS • LONG AS THEY DID BUSINESS • FAIRLY

22. FOOD AND DRUG INDUSTRIES • 1906 – UPTON SINCLAIR • PUBLISHED THE JUNGLE • – ABOUT THE FILTHY AND • UNHEALTHY • CONDITIONS IN • MEATPACKING PLANTS

23. AS A RESULT OF THIS • BOOK ROOSEVELT • URGED CONGRESS TO • PASS THE • MEAT INSPECTION ACT • WHICH LED TO FEDERAL • AGENTS TO INSPECT ANY • MEAT SOLD ACROSS • STATE LINES AND • REQUIRED FEDERAL • INSPECTION OF MEAT • PROCESSING PLANTS

24. CONGRESS ALSO PASSED THE • PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT • – PLACED THE SAME CONTROLS ON OTHER FOODS • AND MEDICINES • – ALSO BANNED THE INTERSTATE SHIPMENT OF • IMPURE FOOD AND THE MISLABELING OF FOOD • AND DRUGS

25. ENVIRONMENT • ROOSEVELT’S LOVE OF • NATURE SHAPED HIS • POLICIES ON THE • ENVIRONMENT • HE ADMIRED JOHN MUIR • WHOSE EFFORTS HAD • LED CONGRESS TO • CREATE • YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

26. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION • ROOSEVELT BOTH AGREED • AND DISAGREED WITH MUIR: • 1. FOLLOWING MUIR’S ADVICE • ROOSEVELT CLOSED OFF • MORE THAN 100 MILLION • ACRES OF FORESTLAND • 2. HE DID NOT AGREE WITH • MUIR ABOUT LEAVING WILD • AREAS PRESERVED • – OR UNTOUCHED

27. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION • BELIEVED LANDS HAD • VALUABLE RESOURCES THAT • SHOULD BE USED • – HE CALLED ON EXPERTS TO • DRAW UP PLANS FOR BOTH • CONSERVING AND USING THE • FORESTS

28. ROOSEVELT AGREED WITH GIFFORDPINCHOT • - LEADER OF THE DIVISION OFFORESTRY IN THE U.S. • DEPARTMENTOF AGRICULTURE • - “RATIONAL USE” IDEA-THAT FORESTS BE PRESERVED • FOR PUBLIC USE - MEANING THATFORESTS SHOULD • BE PROTECTEDSO THAT TREES WOULD HAVE TIME • TO MATURE INTO GOOD LUMBER • – THEN PROTECTED AREAS SHOULDBE LOGGED • FOR WOOD TO BUILDHOUSES AND NEW AREAS • PLACEDUNDER PROTECTION • PINCHOT’S VIEWS CAME TO DOMINATE • AMERICAN POLICIES TOWARD NATURAL • RESOURCES

29. WATER • NATIONAL RECLAMATION ACT – PASSED BY CONGRESS • IN 1902: • 1. GAVE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THE POWER TO • DECIDEWHERE AND HOW WATER WOULD BE • DISTRIBUTED • 2. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WOULD BUILD AND • MANAGE DAMSTHAT WOULD CREATE RESERVOIRS, • GENERATE POWER ANDDIRECT WATER FLOW

30. WOULD MAKE WATER FROM • ONE STATE’S RIVERS AND • STREAMS AVAILABLE TO • FARMERS IN OTHER STATES • WATER MANAGEMENT • PROJECTS CREATED HUGE • RESERVOIRS AND LAKES • WHERE THERE HAD BEEN • DRY CANYONS • – EXAMPLE: ROOSEVELT • AND HOOVER DAMS ON • THE COLORADO RIVER

31. ROOSEVELT AND TAFT • ROOSEVELT LEFT THE PRESIDENCY • AFTER TWO TERMS IN OFFICE • – SUPPORTED WILLIAM HOWARD • TAFT IN THE ELECTION OF 1908 • ROOSEVELT EXPECTED TAFT TO • CONTINUE HIS PROGRAMS OF • MANAGING BUSINESS AND • NATURAL RESOURCES

32. TAFT HAD HIS OWN AGENDA • APPROVED THE PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT • WHICH DID NOT LOWER TARIFFS AS • MUCH AS ROOSEVELT WANTED • PUSHED CONGRESS TO PASS THE • MANN-ELKINGS ACT • - WHICH GAVE THE GOVERNMENT • CONTROL OVER TELEPHONE AND • TELEGRAPH RATES • ENCOURAGED CONGRESS TO PROPOSE • AN INCOME TAX • DROPPED ROOSEVELT’S DISTINCTION • BETWEEN GOOD TRUSTS AND BAD • TRUSTS

33. UNDER TAFT THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT BROUGHT • LAWSUITS AGAINST TWICE AS MANY • CORPORATIONS AS ROOSEVELT HAD DONE

34. TAFT ALSO FIRED • GIFFORD PINCHOT FOR • CRITICIZING • SECRETARY OF THE • INTERIOR RICHARD • BALLINGER FOR • WORKING WITH • BUSINESS INTERESTS • TO SELL FEDERAL • LANDRICH IN COAL • DEPOSITSIN ALASKA

35. ROOSEVELT BEGAN • TRAVELING THE COUNTRY • SPEAKING ABOUT • NEW NATIONALISM • – A PROGRAM TO • RESTORE THE • GOVERNMENT’S • TRUSTBUSTING POWER

36. HE DECLARED HIMSELF AS • FIT AS A BULL MOOSE AND • RAN FOR ANOTHER • PRESIDENTIAL TERM • – HIS THIRD • – THIS SPLIT THE • REPUBLICAN PARTY • – PROGRESSIVES IN THE • PARTY SUPPORTED • ROOSEVELT AND SET UP • THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY • OR BULL MOOSE PARTY

37. JANE ADDAMS NOMINATED ROOSEVELT AS THE • PROGRESSSIVE PARTY’S CANDIDATE FOR THE • 1912 ELECTION • REPUBLICANS NOMINIATED TAFT • DEMOCRATES NOMINATED WOODROW WILSON