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Unit 10- The Cold War and The 1950’s

Unit 10- The Cold War and The 1950’s. One minute Cold War Write 1. Get smarter about the Cold War 2. How does it shape our modern world?*. Cold War Learning Targets. 1. Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes) 2. Why the name? 3. How is the war fought?

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Unit 10- The Cold War and The 1950’s

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  1. Unit 10- The Cold War and The 1950’s

  2. One minute Cold War Write • 1. Get smarter about the Cold War • 2. How does it shape our modern world?* Cold War Learning Targets

  3. 1. Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes) • 2. Why the name? • 3. How is the war fought? • 4. What are Americas’ policies and tactics to fighting the Cold War? • 5. How does the Cold War impact the U.S.? • 6. What key events happened during the Cold War? • 7. How long does the Cold War last? Why does it end? • 8. How does it shape our modern world?* Guided Questions for the Cold War

  4. The Cold War is a international conflict between the USSR and USA (and their allies) over world domination. The Cold War lasts from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War gets it’s name from their never being a direct conflict between the USSR and the USA (WWIII) Cold War Basics

  5. Big 3: • Churchill • FDR • Stalin • Post WWII world • Churchill- British Empire • Stalin- Protect their boarders, Rebuild • FDR- Spread democracy and Free Trade Turning Point at Yalta

  6. Stalin would join in the war in the Pacific= territories in Asia • Stalin support UN • Each nation would control parts of Germany The Big 3 Agreement

  7. U.S. and Soviet left WWII as superpowers • Deep mistrust • Soviet Union: • Mad about G.B. and U.S. support during Russian revolution • Mad about Allies support in WWII • Thought the U.S. wanted a weaker Russia-Refused to loan recognize until early 1930s, no post war $ • U.S.: • Feared communism(worldwide revolution) • Soviet Union had many treaties w/ Germany(WWI,Poland) • Soviet’s want control over Eastern Europe and more • Distrust of Stalin Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes)

  8. Soviet America • Communism-State owned industry • Dictatorship • No Freedom of the Press • Atheist • Capitalism- Free market • Democratic Republic • Leaders wanted Democratic future open to business expansion & free trade • Largely religious Two Views of the world

  9. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and Czech. • Stalin control as long as they held free elections = Democracy • Stalin set up communist government An Iron Curtain Falls- Controlling Eastern Europe

  10. April 13, 1945 • Truman got little information from FDR about the Yalta Conference • Big Three met to set up the International peacekeeping organization(UN) Truman Comes to power

  11. Truman demanded to know why Soviet had did not have free elections in Poland • Truman and Stalin met for the 1st time • Truman learned about the Atomic Bomb • Called the Russians out • Leave with mutual distrust Meeting at Potsdam July1945

  12. Containment- Restrictions of communism to its current borders • George Kennan • Truman’s Foreign Policy and goal throughout Cold War • Domino Theory U.S. Strategy: The Idea of Containment

  13. Cold War- U.S. vs. Soviet conflict in which the two powers would avoid fighting each other directly but would block each other’s goals around the world Cold War is Declared

  14. Truman Doctrine- U.S. must help all free people • Gave $400 million in military and economic aid to support Greek and Turkey The Truman Doctrine 1947

  15. Create the Department of Defense • CIA is created • National Security Council is created • Classified documents in the interest of national security • National Security Agency is created in 1952 National Security Act 1947

  16. Secretary of State- George Marshall • A plan for help Europe rebuild • Spending 12 billion of $ to help put Europe, • To qualify, nations must spend money on American Goods • Western Europe increased their output by 64% • Tensions between U.S. and Soviet grow Marshall Plan 1948

  17. Read 17.2 and 19.2 for Monday • There will be a quiz! Pages 569-575 and 640-647 Assignment

  18. U.S. = Strong Germany to promote recovery in Western Europe • Soviet = Weak Germany to protect borders • U.S., France, & GB laid out a plan for Germany, it did not include a Soviet currency • Soviet set up their currency in Berlin Berlin Crisis 1948

  19. Soviet’s Blocked highways and railroads crossing into West Berlin • 2 million West Berliners found themselves sealed off from the outside world • Stalin thought Allies would give them Berlin • To avoid WWIII Truman orders an Airlift Berlin Crisis 1948-1949

  20. 11 months American and Britain pilots flew supplies to West Berlin around the clock • World opinion Turned on Stalin • Stalin lifted the Blockade Berlin Backfire

  21. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)1949- U.S., Canada, 10 European nations formed NATO to give economic and military support to remain free, attack on one, an attack on all(WWI lessons?) • Warsaw Pact -1954- A Soviet-Eastern Europe alliance planted across the Iron Curtain(similar to NATO) NATO and Warsaw Pact

  22. Nationalist Communist • Jiang Jiesh • U.S. Supported • Mao Zedong • Soviet supported • Fighting since WWI • Nationalists had control of China • Did not really take care of the Peasants • WWII • Mao’s Forces took care of peasants by the end of WWII • China falls in 1949-America panics Civil War in China

  23. In August 1949, much to the American’s surprise the Soviets detonate their first atom bomb • The Soviets are aided by spies, such as Klaus Fuchs within the Manhattan Project. The Soviets get the bomb

  24. Arms Race- Subsequent competition between the U.S. and the Soviet for greater military strength. • $13 billion in defense budget • M.A.D.-Mutual Assured Destruction • Raise taxes to pay for it- public opinion….. • Then Korea happened NSC-68-The Arms Race Begins

  25. Korea owned by Japan since 1910 • Divided at the 38th Parallel line • Communist North and Pro-western Gov. South= each wanted to unite each other • June 25, 1950 90,000 N Korean Troops overran S. Korea Hot War Flares in Korea

  26. Saw it as a test of containment • Sought U.N. to help, bypassed Congress • North Korea surprise attack! June 1950 • Scorched Earth Policy- Campaign that destroyed thousands of villages and a huge # of civilian deaths • General MacArthur lands at Inchon, pinned N. Korea @ China’s borders, goes too far • Chinese joined forces for N. Korea, and drives U.N. back South to the 38th • War is in a Stalemate late 1951-1953 Korean War 1950-1953-Truman Responds

  27. Attack China using Nuclear Force • Truman, “we are trying to prevent war, not start one.” • MacArthur publicly criticized Truman Policy of ‘limited war’ • Truman Fired Him • South and North made peace 2 years later Truman Fires MacArthur

  28. Fighting ended in 1953-38th parallel • North still communist/ South still pro-west • Clamed 2 million civilian lives • Americans support of huge military build up- Congress spent 22.3 billion in 1951- 50.4 billion in 1954 • American Army of 3.5 million people • 1954-SEATO- Similar NATO agreement with South Korea, Japan, Australia, Philippines, Taiwan • Peace? 74 years later The Korean War’s Impact

  29. Life During the Cold War Late 1940’s-1950’s

  30. Two major threats during this time period: • Nuclear Attack • Communist take over of the U.S. • Truman passes the Federal Employee loyalty program • Era is marked by accusations of suspected Communists everywhere • House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) investigates supposed Communists • Many are fired and blacklisted, oaths of loyalty-’Hollywood Ten” Red Scare- A Nation Gripped by Fear

  31. Said communists were taking over gov’t • Said he had a list of 205 known communists working in the State Department= Fear!!!! • No evidence but people listened to him • After accusing Army he was humiliated • McCarthyism- intimidation and often unfounded accusations in the name of fighting communism. Joseph McCarthy- McCarthyism

  32. 1. Klaus Fuchs- Helped on Manhattan Project then sold information to Soviets, 15 yrs. deported • 2. Alger Hiss- Accused of spying for Soviets by Whittaker Chambers; claimed innocence, convicted • 3. Joel and Ethel Rosenberg's- Executed for spying for Soviets • Project Verona-An American/ British spy operation cracked the Soviet code, not declassified until 1990’s-proves guilt of Rosenberg’s Catching Spies

  33. Federal Civilian Defense Administration (FCDA)- Flooded the country side with info. on how to survive a nuclear war if they were prepared • Duck and Cover • Fallout shelters Living with Fear

  34. Read 17.3.-17.4 pages 576-583 and 587-593 for the tomorrow • Case Study: ‘The Hollywood Ten’ 1-3, pages 648-651 Assignment

  35. Republican • Signed a peace treaty between North and South Korea • Used threat of Nuclear attack • ‘More bang for your buck’ Nuke attitude • 1,000-53’ to 18,000 in 61’ Eisenhower 1953-61

  36. Eisenhower’s New Policy- Mutual Assured Destruction or M.A.D. • Believed this would force communist to think twice before attacking • Brinkmanship- the art of never backing down from a crisis, even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink of war • Favored covert action (CIA), U2 Spy Plane • Eisenhower expands aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting Communism Eisenhower 1953-61

  37. Central Intelligence Agency- Spied and conducted covert operations, undercover missions of all kinds • OSS of WWII, National Security Act of 1947 • Operates free of Congressional oversight, budget less CIA Joins the Fight

  38. Iran= oil=$$$$$ • Gov’t = Monarch (Shah) and 2 house parliament • Iran hated Britain owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company- Controlled Iran's Oil • Wanted to take control of their own oil, but needed a leader • Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg- created a bill authorizing nationalization of oil fields- Declaring them property of Iran • British refused and shut down refineries • Iran’s economy was on the brink of bankruptcy CIA and Iran

  39. 1954-CIA Organized a military and public support group for Shah • Shah’s supporter fought w/ Mossadeg’s • Shah won • A group of Western oil companies was able to sign an agreement to buy and sell Iranian oil and share the profit with Shah • Planted the seed of Iranian hatred of the U.S. • Led to eventual Iranian Revolution in 1979 • CIA TODAY- $50+ billion dollar budget CIA and IRAN

  40. 1953 Egypt declared itself independent • Leaders demanded the Suez Cannel- British • 75% of Western European oil imports were shipped through the cannel • Egypt made Arms deal with Soviet • Britain, France, and Israel invaded • U.S. did not support them War in Egypt- Eisenhower loses the Canal

  41. Opened the Middle East to the Soviets • Eisenhower Doctrine promised aid and military to Pro-Western governments in the region Eisenhower Doctrine

  42. 1953- Stalin dies, Korean War ends • 1954- McCarthy witch-hunts end • 1955- CIA develops the U2 Spy Plane at Area 51 • 1957- Sputnik is launched, “missile-gap” report • NASA and NDEA are launched • 1960- U2 pilot Gary Powers is shot down over the Soviet Union-crisis, more distrust Eisenhower 1953-61: Key Events

  43. USSR were the 1st to successfully create an intercontinental missile • Sputnik- Satellite in to orbit around the world • U.S. feared they were behind Russia(missile-gap) • Gov’t spending increased • Education • Science programs • Nation Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sputnik Fires the Space Race

  44. Height of the Cold War • Alliance for Progress-Aid to Latin America • Peace Corps to promote American values • Berlin Wall is built in 1961 • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion 1961 • Challenges America to go to the moon • Oct-1962-Cuban Missile Crisis-Near Nuclear War • Increases the number of military advisors to South Vietnam Kennedy- 1961-1963

  45. U.S. Companies controlled $7 billion in oil, mineral, and agriculture • Big profit for U.S. = little money for locals Latin America

  46. 1950’s U.S. companies had control of Cuba • 90% of Cuba’s mines, ranches, oil, half of its sugar crops, and 3 million acres of its land belonged to Americans • Most Cuban’s lived in Poverty Cuba

  47. 1952 Batista became dictator • Friendly to U.S. • Did nothing for his people • 1959 Fidel Castro led a group that overthrew Batista • Demanded control of American properties • U.S. refused to discuss the matter • Castro went to Soviet for economic help • He then seized all American Businesses Castro to Power

  48. Plan developed to use Cuban exiles to secretly invade Cuba and overthrow Castro • JFK became President and approved the plan CIA and CUBA

  49. April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs • Air Strike wasn’t launched • Landed in wrong spot • All were captured • Huge Humiliation for JFK Bay of Pigs

  50. Operating Mongoose- Interrupted Cuban trade, ordered more raids by exiles, and even plotted Castro’s assassination • Castro was not happy about this • Soviet installed nuclear missiles and bombers near capital city of Cuba Brink of War

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