Unit 4: Jeffersonian Democracy

1. Unit 4: Jeffersonian Democracy 1800 - 1823

2. Goals of the Unit: • To understand how Jefferson’s effective and pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican government, despite the many rifts between Federalists and Republicans over particular issues. • To examine how despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the fading Federalist Party. • To be able to explain how James Madison fell into an international trap set by Napoleon, creating increased tension between the British and Americans, leading to the War of 1812.

3. To be able to explain how the American effort in the War of 1812 was plagued by poor strategy, political divisions, and increasingly aggressive British power. Nevertheless, the United States escaped with a stalemated peace settlementand ushered in an era of isolation from Europe. • To understand that the aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy, but this would ultimately cause regional disputes between the North, South, and West • To recognize how Chief Justice John Marshall's Supreme Court strengthened the federal government’s power over the states during this era by supporting a "loose construction" of the Constitution.

4. Election of 1800 • Federalists becoming unpopular: • Alien and Sedition Acts • Adams refused war with France • Adams built up navy, but wouldn’t use it • Seen as wasting money • Federalists split: Hamilton vs. Adams • Election of 1800: Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republicans) • Commonly referred to as just “Republicans” by now • The smear campaign is born: • Dirty campaigning and damaging accusations • Adams, Hamilton, Jefferson all affected

5. “Revolution” of 1800 • Aaron Burr ties Jefferson with 73 Electoral votes • Vote goes to House of Reps. • After 35 ties, Jefferson wins, becomes 3rd president • “Revolution of 1800” • Peaceful exchange of power • Significance: new democratic government system put to test and worked • Republicans viewed as the “people’s party” • Significance: people felt they had the power

6. President Thomas Jefferson • Inaugurated in Washington DC in March, 1801 • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” • Stressed “moderation” between political parties • Meant to calm fearful Federalists • Set precedent for exchanges of power in future • “Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.” • Correcting foreign policy mistakes of past • Image of “people’s president” • Political philosopher, idealist

7. Jefferson’s Presidency • Moderation stressed, but did undo some Federalist policies: • Pardoned prisoners from the Sedition Act • Scaled back Alien Act from 14 to 5 years for citizenship requirement • Removed the tax on whiskey • Only part of Hamilton’s economic plan he changed • Yearly $1 million revenue from tax lost • Sec. of Treasury: Albert Gallatin • Balanced budget and reduced debt despite struggling economy • Actions of moderation help keep two party system in tact

8. Power Struggle in the Judiciary • Before exiting the White House, Federalists pass Judiciary Act of 1801 • Created 16 new federal court districts • Adams fills new federal court positions with Federalist judges – “midnight judges” • Why? • Judges serve for life, ensures lasting Federalist influence • John Marshall – appointed Supreme Court Justice by Adams • Committed to Federalist agenda: strengthen federal gov’t

9. Marburyv. Madison (1803) • First major Supreme Court case • William Marbury – midnight judge rejected by Jefferson’s new Sec. of State James Madison • Marbury cites laws and technicalities to demand his appointed position • Case struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional • Significance: first time Supreme court used “judicial review” – courts power to review if laws are constitutional or not • In retaliation, Reps try and fail to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase • Significance: Checks and balances between branches working

10. Jefferson and War • Non-violent Jefferson geared America for time of peace • Downsized army and navy • North African Barbary pirates harassing U.S. trade ships • “Tripolitan War” AKA “First Barbary War” • Jefferson sends Navy to Tripoli • Officer Stephen Decatur and birth of Marines play big roles • U.S. wins war, Barbary piracy diminishes • Jefferson “cheaply” re-strengthens navy with gunboats

11. The Louisiana Purchase • 1800 – Napoleon gains Louisiana territory from Spain • Pinckney Treaty with Spain now void • Restricts American use of Mississippi River • Foreign Minister Robert Livingston sent to France to negotiate • Offers $10 million for small portion of land for access to Mississippi River • Napoleon offers $15 million for whole Louisiana territory • Napoleon needed consolidation and quick cash for impending conquest

12. The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson split: • Pros: Would double size of country for very little money • Cons: Delegates were only authorized $10 million, sees presidential action as unconstitutional • Practicality over idealism • Decides to purchase, Senate approves • Federalists oppose purchase • More land = more settlers/farmers = more Republican support • Size of U.S. instantly doubles

13. Exploring the West • Jefferson sends expeditions to explore new land: • Ordered to establish friendly relations with Indians • Take notes of land, animals, plants, etc • Northern route: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • Southern Route: Zebulon Pike

14. Aaron Burr Ousted • Jefferson removes Burr as VP candidate for second election • Burr conspiracies start: • Organized a secession of NY and New England • Hamilton ended the scheme by revealing plan to Jefferson

15. Aaron Burr Ousted • Jefferson removes Burr as VP candidate for second election • Burr conspiracies start: • Organized a secession of NY and New England • Hamilton ended the scheme by revealing plan to Jefferson • Burr kills Hamilton in duel • Organized a plan to take over land and start a new nation west of the Mississippi • Jefferson arrests Burr for treason, found not guilty on technicality

16. Cost of Neutrality • 1803 – Napoleon begins war in Europe • Helps American economy – trade with both England & France • By 1805: British rule sea, French rule land • 1806 – Orders of Council issued by England • Any foreign ship heading to France was subject to inspection • France retaliates by declaring same treatment for ships entering British ports • America stuck in the middle • As war drags on, impressment on both sides becomes widespread • 1807 – British ship Leopard attacks American ship off Virginia • Public calls for war, Jefferson refuses

17. The Embargo Act(1807)(“The Damnbargo Act”) • Jefferson avoids conflict with England and France by putting an “embargo” on all exports • “embargo” = official ban on trade • Forbade all exports to all nations • Economy is crippled • New England, NYC hurt most • Smuggling returns • Farmers in South and West less affected • Congress repeals Embargo Act after much protest • Non-Intercourse Act then passed in 1809 • Outlawed trade ONLY with England and France

18. The Embargo Act • Non-Intercourse Act ineffective • Top trading partners were France and England • Failure of Embargo Act: • Jefferson underestimated… • British reliance on American trade • Effect embargo would have on economy • Lost money could have been used to bolster navy & defend American trade • One good side-effect: forced an increase in American industry

19. President James Madison • 4th President • Very scholarly, small stature, great writer, poor speaker • Helped create the Republican party with Jefferson

20. Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Madison’s solution to the unsuccessful Embargo Act • America needs to continue trade with France and/or England • Bill proposed to reinstate trade with first country who stopped harassment and restrictions • Napoleon quickly accepts offer, trade with France resumes • Madison very suspicious of French intentions

21. The New Congress • By 1811, Congress had transformed • New wave of younger, more aggressive politicians • From West and South • Referred to as “War Hawks” – always pushing for war • Henry Clay – most notable “War Hawk” • Young congressman from Kentucky • Speaker of the House by age 34 • War Hawks primary issue? • Indians in the west • Wanted Indians out to encourage western settlement • Tecumseh & the Prophet – Shawnee brothers • Created coalition of tribes • Convinced other tribes not to sell land to Americans

22. Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • William Henry Harrison • Indiana Governor, sees Indian coalition as threat • Organizes attackand defeats the Shawnee at Prophetstown (Shawnee capital) • Harrison becomes national hero • Nicknamed “Tippecanoe” • Tecumseh allies with British year later to fight Americans…

23. Causes of War of 1812 • Issues with Britain becoming too problematic: • U.S. wanted “freedom of the seas” for trade • Impressment • U.S. still upset about British encouraging and aiding Indian attacks on Americans • A victory in war could give U.S. respect it needed • Madison sees war as inevitable • Asks Congress to declare war, approved • First time United States declared war • War declared on England in June 1812 • Many Indian tribes ally with England • Americans divided in support for war • West and South pro-war, Northeast very anti-war

24. War of 1812: Northern Theater • 1812 – U.S. makes first attack on Canada: • Fails: poorly planned and executed • Numerous small attacks, instead of few large strategic ones • Success in 1813: • U.S. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry • Leads fleet to victory on Lake Erie • Forces British out of Detroit • William Henry Harrison • Defeats retreating British at Battle of Thames • Tecumseh killed • Captain Thomas Macdonough • Stops British fleet at Lake Champlain moving towards NYC • British plan of “divide and conquer” fails (again)

25. War of 1812: Middle Theater • 1814 – British navy arrives in Chesapeake Bay • Defeat Americans at Battle of Bladensburg • British march towards Washington D.C. • Burn down capital • British en route to Baltimore • Stopped at Battle of Ft. McHenry • “Star Spangled Banner”by Francis Key Scott

26. War of 1812: Southern Theater • General Andrew Jackson amasses massive, diverse army • Included blacks, pirates, French, local militias • Excellent leader, beloved by troops • Nicknamed “Old Hickory” • 1814 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Defeats Indians in Alabama • British target New Orleans • Strategic: trade and transportation • Jackson’s army marches to New Orleans to defend strategic port

27. Battle of New Orleans • Jan 8th, 1815 • Jackson outnumbered (4,000 to 11,000) • Overwhelming victory for the U.S. • U.S. casualties: • 55 killed, 185 wounded,93 missing • British casualties: • 386 killed, 1,521 wounded, 552 missing • Greatest land victory of war • Jackson becomes a national hero • Only problem…

28. Treaty of Ghent • Signed on December 24, 1814 officially ending war… • Two weeks prior to Battle of New Orleans • Peace talks began in August of 1814: • After recent victories, English make bold demands • American delegates refuse • September 1814 – U.S. wins Battle of Plattsburgh • Extremely important victory • British lose leverage in treaty negotiations • Treaty signed as an armistice • Fighting ceases, no other stipulations

29. The Hartford Convention(Dec. 1814 – Jan. 1815) • New England Federalists take action against war • Most hurt economically by embargoes, war with England Convention held in Hartford, CT • New England delegates discuss anti-war movement • Possible secession discussed • Demanded monetary help, a 2/3 vote for all embargoes, new state admissions, or war • Protest march to D.C. fails • Significance: dooms the Federalist party

30. War of 1812: Results • “Second War for American Independence” • Significance: America wins respect • Effects of the war: • Pride and unity at an all time high • Federalist party doomed • New war heroes are future presidents (Harrison, Jackson) • Rush-Bagot agreement • U.S. and England scale down naval presence on Great Lakes • Signifies the two countries finally at peace • Napoleonic wars end – Europe at peace, America can focus on westward expansion

31. Newly Found Nationalism • Washington D.C. rebuilt • Military strengthened • Trade with England opens… • hurts American industry • “The American System” • Henry Clay’s economic plan 1. A strong banking system 2. A protective tariff to spark American industry 3. A strong transportation network (roads, canals) (3. heavily opposed by strict constitutionalists, South) • American cultural boom: new wave of authors, painters

32. “Era of Good Feelings”…? • James Monroe – 5th President (1816) • Republican party (only party now) • More united now? • South upset about tariffs: • Only benefitted North, gouges South • North and West improving transportation – South: “those are partly our taxes!”

33. Panic of 1819 • Panic of 1819: • Economic recession hits • Bankruptcies, unemployment, deflation → over-speculation • Bank of the U.S. blamed (conservative credit policies) • Eastern banks and financial power would help start Jacksonian democracy • Problems effect on election of 1820…?

34. Westward Troubles • More states joining the union • Why expansion? • Better soil, transportation improving, Land Act of 1820, “Wildcat banks” • Method: alternate between slave state & free state • “Sectional Balance” threatened with Missouri • Tallmadge Agreement (limited slavery in Missouri) fails • South saw it as stepping stone to total emancipation • South worried about population distribution • Missouri Compromise – Missouri a slave state, Maine a free state • Line drawn to determine future states (South of line = slaves, north of line = free)

35. Supreme Court Tug-O-War • Chief Justice John Marshall and Lawyer Daniel Webster • federalist views • Federal Government vs. State’s Rights • McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) • Declared Bank of U.S. constitutional • “Elastic clause” • Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) • Supreme Court has power over state courts • Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) • Congress regulates interstate trade, not states • Who wins in every case? • Federal Gov’t • Three more cases would result in Federal Gov’t over State Power • South becoming worried • Slavery soon outlawed?

36. Foreign Policy • Sec. of State John Quincy Adams • Treaty of 1818 with England • Set up borders, shared territories • Northern border, Oregon, Newfoundland • Trouble in Florida • Central American revolutions • Spanish, run-away slaves, aggressive Indians • Jackson leads army into Florida to take control (oversteps orders) • Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) • Spain gives up Florida, small claims in Oregon, America gives up small claim in Texas

37. Foreign Policy • Monarchies slowly gaining power back in Europe • Russian claims in Northwest • England imperialism rising • British foreign secretary George Canning makes proposal to USA: “Neither of us should take any Latin American land” • J.Q. Adams suspicious: • “Why would the U.S. tie her hands for the future?” • What if one day we do have an interest in Latin American land? • “Why does the U.S. need to join England in this?” • England won’t stop shipping and trading down there whether we’re in Latin America or not • Fearing European expansion, time for the U.S. to assert some power…

38. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Asserts: • Europeans cannot colonize in the Americas • “KEEP OUT of North, Central, South America” • Violation of this doctrine will call for war • Non-intervention • Europe unhappy, but respected the bold claim • Latin America unhappy as well • Already had trade with Britain • Unsure of American intent

39. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Effects of the Monroe Doctrine: • Russians had already started pulling back before Monroe Doctrine • Russo-American Treaty of 1824 sets new boundary • Doctrine not a law, could be repealed at any time • Became foreign policy • New energy and nationalism