Eponymously yours, part 2

1. Eponymously yours, part 2 The increase of facial hair: Why shave when you can spend that time looking through a microscope?

2. Beards can be a problem • http://www.inklingmagazine.com/articles/sciences-beef-with-a-beard/ • They can catch fire • They can hide vermin • They are microbial cesspools

3. Franz von Leydig 1821-1908 • German zoologist and comparative anatomist • Wrote the best account of the growth of comparative microscopical anatomy in the two decades following Schwann’s discoveries • First to establish anatomical entity of the nerve cell • Discovered the Interstitial cells of Leydig • Testosterone secreting cell in the testes.

4. Alfonso Corti 1822-1876 • Italian surgeon and scientist • First to describe the core sensory organ in mammalian cochlea • The Organ of Cortiresponds to fluid borne vibrations in cochlea • He wrote a paper in French and had it published in a German journal so it was overlooked for a long time • Target your papers properly!!!

5. Leopold Auerbach 1828-1897 • German anatomist and neuropathologist • One of the first to use histological stains to view the nervous system • Stains are useful because biological samples in thin section look mostly like water • Stains react with different structures and helps to increase contrast. • Most famous for his Auerbach’s plexus, a group of ganglia cells in the digestive tract that control the smooth muscle movement • Peristalsis • And “butterflies in your stomach” The Auerbach’s plexus appears pale The surrounding pink is smooth muscle

6. Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer 1829-1902 • German anatomist, histologist and embryologist • Funky side note: he studied the brain of Immanuel Kant • Discovered the stellate shaped macrophages in the liver called Kupffer cells • But originally thought they were endothelial cells of the sinusoid • In1898 Polish pathologist TadeuszBrowicz (1847-1928) correctly identified them as macrophages • Kupffer cells phagocytose (eat) dead red blood cells if the spleen can’t and also consumes other nasty things that might come through the liver from the small intestine after digestion S= sinusoid cavity, E= endothlial cell, DS=space of Disse, K= Kupffer cell

7. Georg Meissner 1829-1905 • German anatomist and physiologist • Microscopic studies of skin receptors • Investigated the vestibular and cochlear nerves • Meissner’s corpuscles • Encapsulated sensory receptors in the dermis of the skin • Reception of light discriminatory touch • Meissner’s plexus • Tiny parasympathetic ganglia in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract

8. Wilhelm His, Sr. 1831-1904Wilhelm His, Jr. 1862-1934 • Dad was a Swiss anatomist and embryologist • Started field of histogenesis • Embryonic origins of animals • Invented a microtome (a better one) • Developed neuron theory • First to accurately describe human embryo • Son was cardiologist and anatomist • Discovered specialized muscle fibers in the heart that are important in conduction • The bundle of His • I read he was a great conversationalist—he looks it, IMO!

9. Louis-AntoineRanvier 1835-1922 • French physician, pathologist, anatomist and histologist • Founder of experimental histology • Wrote a famous histopathology text • Discovered myelin • the fatty coating around nerve fibers that acts as insulation • Known for the Nodes of Ranvier • Breaks along the myelin sheath coating nerves that allow for saltatory conduction to occur • Jumping of action potential for quicker progression

10. Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz 1836-1921 • German anatomist • Considered the founder of neuroscience • Established the neuron theory and even coined the term neuron • Conducted pioneering research on teeth and hair • Named the chromosome • Researched the lymphatic organs and those of the naso-oro-pharynx region are named after him (Waldeyer’s ring) • Tonsils and adenoids • And Waldeyer’s gland • sweat gland of the eye the palatine tonsil

11. Pierce Brosnanhis minor shortcomings • Did not make a major histological discovery • BUT, this ad was in a French science magazine. Close enough for me. • Apparently, facial stubble just doesn’t cut it to make a scientific discovery • Can’t sing • (see Mamma Mia!) • But, looking at that face, who really cares?

12. Louis-Charles Malassez 1842-1909 • French scientist • Studied under Claude Bernard • GREAT scientist! • Studied with Ranvier & Jolly • Invented the hemacytometer— • Wow! I didn’t know it was a French guy who did that!! • I use this all the time to take cell counts in culture! • Investigated various benign tumors • a testicular cyst is named for him • Studied some microorganisms • Yersinia (of plague and TB fame) • his name is attributed to a genus of fungi, most related to skin diseases • His name is associated with the Malassez epithelial rests in developing teeth • in the periodontal membrane

13. EnricoSertoli 1842-1910 • Italian physiologist and histologist • In 1865 discovered the elongated support cell of the seminiferous tubule in the testis. • Sertoli cells are easily identified by their prominent nucleolus, possible satellite nucleoli • They help make the testis an immune privileged area of the body.

14. Camillo Golgi 1843-1926 • Italian physician and scientist • Mostly studied the central nervous system • Known for a metal(silver) impregnation stain of nerve cells called the Golgi method • Also discovered a sensory receptor in tendon called Golgi receptor • Found that distal convoluted tubule of kidney connects back to source glomerulus • Studied the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum • (the organism that causes malaria) • Using his stain, discovered a reticular apparatus in the cell which bears his name • The Golgi apparatus helps to sort items intended for secretion from cell. • Shared Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology with Cajal in 1906

15. Friedrich Sigmund Merkel 1845-1919 • German anatomist and histopathologist • Provided first full description of tastzellen (touch cells) • Later renamed to Merkel cells (M in the image) • Make synaptic junctions with myelinated nerve endings in the dermis • Touch receptors in the epidermis. German chancellor Angela Merkel, Related to Friedrich? Well, she does have a degree in physics with specializationin quantum chemistry …but no beard!

16. Paul Langerhans1847-1888 • German pathologist and biologist • Died way too young at age 41 of tuberculosis • Studied microanatomy of the pancreas and discovered the endocrine portion called the Islets of Langerhans • Secrete insulin, somatostatin and glucagon among other hormones • Paul originally thought they might be lymph nodes (oops!) • Also found interesting cells in epidermis of skin (Langerhanscells) • Antigen processing cell of skin • Mistakenly thought they might be neurons because of the cell processes.(oops again!) Islet of Langerhans In pancreas

17. Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1852-1934 • Spanish histologist and neurobiologist—advanced the field of neuroscience • Won the Nobel Prize for Medicine and physiology with Camillo Golgi in 1906. • Writer and photographer as well • Wrote science fiction under the name “Dr. Bacteria” • I highly recommend Advice for a Young Investigator, even though some info is antiquated. • Known for taking Golgi’s stain and studying the fine structure of the nervous system • A few neurons named after him • His findings supported the neuron doctrine: neurons are the basis of the nervous systems One of Cajal’s drawings-cerebellum of chick

18. Joseph Disse 1852-1912 • German anatomist and histologist • Say “Diss-uh” • A cool thing about Disse, besides his uber-moustache, is that he taught at the University of Tokyo • The Germans and Japanese were great collaborators in this era • Also note that the great microscopes are made by both the Germans and Japanese • In the liver, discovered a small space between the sinusoidal lining cells and the nearby hepatocytes called the Space of Disse Red blood cells, aka erythrocytes, in sinusoid- a big capillary Sinusoid lining cell Liver cells, aka hepatocytes

19. Joseph Paneth1857-1890 • Austrian physiologist • Good friend of Freud • Correspondent with Nietzche • Father of super chemist Friedrich Adolf Paneth • (who wrote some awesome histories of science) • Found the Paneth cells at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine • These cells secrete substances with antimicrobial properties • Labeled “P” in the images image from a Nietzche timeline web page

20. Franz Nissl1860-1919 • A neuropathologist • Looked for structural brain changes with relation to psychiatry • Worked with Aloïs Alzheimer • Examined connections between cortex and thalamic nuclei • A competent pianist • Nissl’s main contribution to neuropathology was the discovery of a aniline blue stain that stained for RNA (ribosomes and rER) in the cell body. • The visible blue spherical structures in neurons are called Nissl bodies

21. William Henry Howell 1860-1945Justin-Marie Jolly 1870-1953 • Howell was an American physiologist • Pioneered the use of heparin as a blood anti-coagulant • Jolly was a French physician who is known for his work in hematology • Also made first moving pictures of cellular mitosis • Studied under Ranvier and with Malassez • Howell-Jolly bodies are 1-2 micron sized DNA/RNA remnants in red blood cells Howell

22. Berthold Reinke1862-1919 • German anatomist • Really tricky to find out anything about this guy • But there are a couple of microbiologists called Reinke and Berthold in case you’re curious • Reinke ‘the undocumented’ discovered the proteinacious crystals in Leydig cells of the testis • Function still unclear • Only in humans and not other mammals • Leydig cells secrete testosterone and sit between the seminiferous tubules in the testes. Man with beard latte—I can just assume that Reinke had a beard— Or maybe he didn’t and that’s why there are no portraits of him

23. Not famous yet…. • Will these guys make a great scientific discovery? • Or won’t they? • They might have to keep their beards……

24. Final count for this presentation • 18 Germans • 8 Italians • 5 English • 4 Swiss • 4 French (hate having their pictures taken) • 1 Spaniard • 1 Bohemian • 1 Dutch • 1 Austrian • 1 American • Keep clicking! • Mustache + beard 9 • Razor? What’s that? 8 • Sideburns only 6 • Wife wouldn’t let him in her room if he had facial hair 6 • Mustache only 4 • Mustache + sideburns 2 • Beards only 0 • Does not include scientists for whom there are no portraits—joke pictures don’t count