Infectious Disease and Population Density

1. Infectious Diseaseand Population Density

2. Types of Pathogens • Viruses • Bacteria • Fungi • Others • Rickettsia • Protozoa • Parasites Always assume every animal is shedding pathogens

3. Shelter Standards ASV Shelter Standards

4. Design Considerations Cat Communal Housing • 9 square feet per cat. • Separate areas for each cat. • Eating and drinking. • Litter box. • Sleeping & resting. • Play and environmental enrichment. • Perching areas at multiple levels. • Glass panel to hallway with benches, so visitors can observe without touching ;-).

5. Design Considerations Dog Runs • Solid divider between runs • prevents “nose to nose” contact • 4 feet for small to medium dogs • 5 feet for large dogs

6. Design Considerations No dividers to prevent “nose to nose” contact

7. Design Considerations Dividing walls prevent disease transmission

8. Design Considerations Communal Housing for Dogs • Some dogs do better with canine companionship • Other dogs do not play well with others ;-) • No more than 2 large dogs per run • No more than 3 small dogs per run • Sharing cages is probably not appropriate, except for very small puppies or toy breeds • Disadvantage – increased disease transmission within the group

9. Design Considerations Communal Housing for Dogs • Communal housing (dogs or cats) gives you information about whether that individual should be placed in a multiple pet home. • Unless dogs were surrendered together and get along well, dog roommates should be • Same sex or sterilized (duh!) • Same size range • Not aggressive to people or animals

10. Design Considerations Cages must be positioned to prevent direct contact between neighbors • Cats may need more distance than dogs

11. Design Considerations Cages must be positioned to prevent direct contact between neighbors • Stacking wire crates is disaster • Need dividers sides, top and bottom, to prevent disease transmission.

12. Design Considerations Individual outdoor runs minimize contamination of exercise areas

13. Design Considerations Traffic Flow Patterns – Public Areas • Public areas are: • Reception – Adoption and Surrender • Greeting areas to control public access to animals • Ideally, public can observe but not touch as many animals up for adoption as possible • Glass windows/walls with comfortable seating • Closed doors with “Employees Only” Signs between public and shelter areas

14. Design Considerations Observation areas allow public to look all they want without touching

15. Design Considerations Observation areas allow public to look all they want without touching

16. Design Considerations Observation areas allow public to look all they want without touching

17. Design Considerations Observation areas allow public to look all they want without touching Themed Suites can make watching the dogs and cats down right fun!

18. Design Considerations Traffic Flow Patterns – Main Shelter • Traffic flow patterns respect housing of life stage groups • young > geriatric > adult > sick (noninfectious) • Sink/hand disinfection dispensers in every room where animals are housed • No travel through one housing room to another • Each room has it’s own cleaning equipment and protective garments – ample storage

19. Design Considerations Traffic Flow Patterns – Main Shelter • All animal housing rooms accessed by single door from main hall • Rooms should be in order of desired flow • young > geriatric > adult > sick • Dogs housed separately from cats • Screened windows in each housing room, that can be opened for fresh air – especially cats • If animals other than dogs or cats are to be housed, they should have their own area

20. Design Considerations Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) • 10-15 air exchanges per hour • Separate air systems for kennel, quarantine and isolation • Ducts and filters easy access for regular cleaning • Vents positioned so as to not create drafts • Keep life stage housing and air flow in mind • Public > young > geriatric > adult > sick

21. Dog URI • Upper respiratory infection (URI) • Also known as “kennel cough,” CONTAGIOUS • Caused by: • bacteria (Bordetella, Mycoplasma) • and/or viruses (parainfluenza CPI, adenovirus type-2 CAV-2) • Symptoms of common cold – coughing, gagging • normally goes away on its own • can develop into chronic cough or bronchopneumonia in young, ill, stressed dogs

22. Dog URI • Upper respiratory infection (URI) • Transmission: • Aerosol – CDV, CPI, Bordetella, CAV-2 • Direct – CHV, Mycoplasma • Fomites – CHV, Bordetella • Fecal-oral - CDV • Incubation: 1-14 days, depending on agent • Agents can be shed for 1 week to many months, depending on the cause • Asymptomatic carriers • CHV, Bordetella, Mycoplasma, Canine Flu

23. Dog URI • Canine Distemper • Highly contagious and often fatal • Caused by virus – canine distemper virus (CDV) • Puppies highly susceptible • Transmitted by fecal-oral or aerosol • Incubation period 9-14 days • Begins as URI, followed by intestinal symptoms, then damages nervous system

24. Dog URI • Canine Distemper • High fever, eye and nose discharge, hard footpads, twitching, seizures

25. Dog URI • Canine Distemper • Can shed virus up to 3 months • Asymptomatic carriers are possible

26. Dog URI • Canine Distemper • Mortality >50% in adults and >80% in puppies • Survivors can have long term neurologic problems • Vaccination is highly effective • MerialRecombitek is more effective than any other distemper vaccine • It breaks through maternal immunity to protect puppies better

27. Dog URI • Canine Influenza • Influenza type A virus • 2 clinical syndromes: • Mild form • cough for 10-30 days, looks like kennel cough • May have nasal discharge • Resolves without treatment

28. Dog URI • Canine Influenza • 2 clinical syndromes • Severe form • High fever – 104-106F • Hemorrhagic pneumonia – coughing blood and difficulty breathing • Secondary bacterial pneumonia • Rapid onset – death the same day if severe • 5-8% mortality rate in high risk populations (kennels)

29. Dog URI • Canine Influenza • 50-80% of infected dogs show disease – mostly mild • Virus is shed for 5-7 days • Runs its course in 14 days if isolated

30. Dog URI • Canine Influenza • Prevention • Vaccine – limited usefulness • Does not prevent infection or shedding • Lessens severity of symptoms and duration of shedding • Killed vaccine requires at least 2 doses, 2 weeks apart to take effect • Immunity is best 1-2 weeks after the second dose • Little help to dogs in shelter less than 3 weeks • Vaccine is only conditionally licensed at this time • Susceptible to most disinfectants, including quats

31. DDx URI • Vaccination • IN Bordetella/CPI vaccine on admission for all dogs • IN vaccine booster in 2-4 weeks • If you have the funds, use SC Bordetella simultaneously • Booster IN in an outbreak or at first sign of disease • IN takes effect within 2 days, SC takes 2 weeks • Quarantine new admissions for 2 weeks • Isolate coughing dogs immediately and review disinfection protocols

32. Dog Diarrhea • Parvovirus • Attacks rapidly dividing cells in the body • intestinal lining – bloody diarrhea and vomiting • heart - very young puppies, when heart is forming • Bone marrow – low white counts and severe infection (this is usually what causes death) • Affects puppies more frequently and severely. • Unvaccinated puppies are at greatest risk • Rarely affects adult dogs, regardless of vaccination status

33. Dog Diarrhea • Parvovirus • Transmission – fecal-oral • Virus remains in the environment for months to years • “High Titer” vaccines are much more effective • PFIZER (Vanguard Puppy) • INTERVET (Progard vaccines, Continuum) • MERIAL (Recombitek) • FORT DODGE (the Puppy Shot) • SCHERING-PLOUGH (Galaxy, Novibac)

34. Dog Diarrhea • Coronavirus • Contagious intestinal virus • Similar to parvo but less severe • Usually affects puppies, and is usually self limiting in healthy dogs • Can be more severe in stressed or malnourished dogs • Transmission: fecal-oral

35. Dog Diarrhea • Coronavirus • Signs – vomiting, yellow to orange diarrhea (may have blood) • Vaccine is not recommended by AAHA for any dog • More of a problem in a shelter setting than in the “real world”

36. Dog Diarrhea • Why treat worms? • Susceptibility to other diseases and poor condition • Anemia, even death (hookworms) • Chronic “stress” diarrhea with fresh blood and mucus (whipworms) • Anal itching (tapeworms) • Vomiting and diarrhea, (roundworms) • Prevents irretrievable contamination of shelter ground with worm eggs

37. Dog Diarrhea • Deworm on intake • Wormers must be repeated in 2-3 weeks, as new eggs hatch out • Worm eggs may be hard to kill in the soil • Can do “fecals” on dirt to check for contamination of dirt/grassy areas

38. Dog Diarrhea • Coccidia - Protozoan causes diarrhea and sometimes vomiting • Transmission – fecal-oral • Asymptomatic carriers possible • Diagnosis: fecal direct or flotation • Treatment: • Albon for at least 2 weeks, sometimes longer • Ponazuril (Marquis) if resistant to Albon

39. Dog Diarrhea • Giardia - Protozoan affects mostly dogs, but also cats • Causes diarrhea and sometimes vomiting • Transmission – fecal-oral, including contaminated water • Asymptomatic carriers possible • ZOONOSIS – Beaver Fever • Vaccine will be off the market

40. Dog Diarrhea • Bacterial Diarrhea • There are numerous bacteria that can cause diarrhea in shelter dogs and cats • Most can also cause diarrhea in people  • Some can cause severe illness, chronic illness or significant weight loss • Some include E Coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, etc. • Culture for specific identification is rarely needed

41. Dog Diarrhea • “Stress” Diarrhea • For many reasons, dogs under stress are prone to GI upset • These are usually apparently healthy, except for the behavioral stress and diarrhea

42. Dog Hepatitis • Infectious Canine Hepatitis • Contagious viral disease • Caused by an adenovirus (CAV-2) • Transmitted by exposure to the urine of an infected dog • Causes inflammation of the liver • Acute liver failure • Chronic liver disease • Effective vaccine available

43. Whipworms • Whipworms • Trichurisvulpis • Causes diarrhea with mucus and flecks of blood. • Transmission: fecal-oral • Pre-patent period – several weeks • Asymptomatic carriers possible

44. Dog Skin Disease

45. Dog Skin Disease • So many things can cause a dog who looks like this • Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange) • Demodectic Mange (Red Mange) • Bacterial Infection (may be due to malnutrition) • Flea Infestation • Ringworm • Severe allergies (+ yeast infection) • Hormonal imbalance – low thyroid, high adrenal activity (Cushing’s Disease), diabetes • Chinese Crested Mix

46. Dog Skin Disease “Winnie” a Chinese crested mix and her Pekingese friend – this is as good as her skin gets

47. Dog Skin Disease Sarcoptic Mange – Scabies • Caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei that burrows in the skin • Highly contagious to other dogs (any age) • Causes hair loss and intense itching • Transmission: direct, fomites • Incubation often 1-2 weeks or longer • Shed organisms until treated • No asymptomatic carriers

48. Dog Skin Disease Sarcoptic Mange – Scabies • ZOONOSIS: Can temporarily infect humans and cats (up to 3 weeks)

49. Dog Skin Disease Demodectic Mange • Demodex mites live on normal dogs and cats • Overgrow and cause problems in young, ill and immunocompromised pets • Disease much more common in dogs than cats • Red skin and hair loss, not usually itchy • (localized) or over entire body (generalized) • 80% of puppies with localized outgrow condition • Other 20% can be very difficult to treat • Transmission: from mother to pup when nursing • Demodex is rather contagious in cats, but not so much in dogs

50. Dog Skin Disease Bacterial Skin Infection (Pyoderma) • Pustules, red bumps (papules) and crusting • Malnutrition predisposes to this • As do poor housing conditions • Fleas, ticks, scabies, Demodex • Wet bedding • Frost bite • Bite wounds • Allergies and hormonal problems also