Grade 10 Objective 3

1. Grade 10 Objective 3

2. 1 The diagram above represents a virus with its surface markers. The diagrams below show various animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus? A B C D

3. 2 What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an invading virus? A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstream B Fermentation of acids in the digestive system C Destruction of cells by viral reproduction D Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart

4. 3 Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses? A Silica B Genetic material C Digestive cavity D Flagella

5. 4 People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of dying from secondary infections. Which of these best explains how HIV increases the danger of secondary infections? A HIV produces antigens that damage red blood cells. B HIV adds genetic material from harmful microbes. C HIV destroys helper T cells. D HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the body.

6. 5 Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to the transmission of — F smallpox G AIDS H West Nile virus J influenza

7. 6 Which group of organisms can live in the human intestine and aid in the digestive process? A Bacteria B Fungi C Protozoa D Viruses

8. 7 All of the following symptoms are likely associated with bacterial infection except — F skin rashes or lesions G elevated body temperature H swollen glands or tissues J increased red blood cell count

9. 8 Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive process? A The bacterium Escherichia coli B The fungus Trichophyton rubrum C The protozoan Entamoeba coli D The algae Fucus vesiculosus

10. 9 Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects. These side effects are most often the result of — F bacteria being killed in the digestive tract G the antibiotics being converted into stomach acids H too much water being drawn into the digestive tract J the stomach wall being torn

11. 10 Many species of bacteria can be found in the human mouth. Which of these explains the great variety of bacteria in the mouth? F Large volumes of air cause bacteria to change form. G Salivary glands cause mutations in bacterial populations. H The presence of nutrients makes the mouth a favorable habitat. J Calcium in the teeth provides a suitable pH environment.

12. 11 Which of these actions helps protect people from bacteria that cause food poisoning? A Thawing meat in the kitchen sink B Freezing meat in plastic bags C Cooking meat until well-done D Slicing meat on a picnic table

13. 12 Which of these would make a species most susceptible to extinction? A Few natural predators B Extreme specialization C Short growth cycles D Extensive migration distances

14. 13 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought

15. 14 The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an advantage for a member of this order? F H G J

16. 15 A man treated his home with a pesticide that kills roaches. The first application of the pesticide killed 92% of the roaches. Two months later he applied the pesticide to his home again, but the second application killed only 65% of the roaches. What would best explain the decrease in the effectiveness of the pesticide? F The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches. G Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught others. H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide, and that resistance was inherited by their offspring. J The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to mutate and metabolize the pesticide.

17. 16 The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish. Scientists observed that the average size of guppies in a pond decreased over a few years after a guppy predator was introduced into the pond. Which of the following best explains the change in guppy size? F Speciation G Convergent evolution H Inbreeding J Natural selection

18. 17 Bufo woodhousei and Bufo cognatus are two closely related species of toads. In areas where their ranges overlap, the toads will remain separate species if they — F breed in different seasons G have different color patterns H eat different types of insects J feed at different times of the day

19. 18 Which of the following is an example of mutualism? A A wasp injects its eggs inside the body of a caterpillar. The eggs hatch and eat the caterpillar. B A bird builds a nest in a tree. C A human uses a dog to protect a flock of sheep. The dog is given food and shelter. D A flower grows next to a bush.

20. 19 According to this food web, the relationship between Texas horned lizards and other lizards would be described best as — A competitive C parasitic B predatory D mutualistic

21. 20 This relationship is an example of — A predation B parasitism C mutualism D commensalism

22. 21 An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an oak tree. This type of interaction is — F mutualistic G commensalistic H competitive J parasitic

23. 22 After being introduced in the 1930s, the B fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are — A mutualistic with fire ant queens B nurtured by fire ant workers C preyed on by fire ant drones D parasitic to fire ant larvae

24. 23 A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering plant. In this process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering plants can be described as — F commensal G predatory H parasitic J mutualistic

25. How One Fungus Gets Nutrients 24 Which word best describes the fungus in the situation above? A Predator B Producer C Parasite D Decomposer • A certain type of fungus grows sticky structures when roundworms are near. • Roundworms that come close to the sticky structures can become trapped. • The fungus penetrates and digests trapped roundworms.

26. 25 Which of these is a normal response to bright light? F Enlargement of the cornea G Increased blood flow to the retina H Thickening of the lens J Contraction of the pupil

27. 26 The vector that transmits the malaria pathogen (Plasmodium) from one host to another is — A mosquitoes B ticks C lice D houseflies

28. 27 Which of these is a model of the most complete food chain? A Primary consumer → decomposer → tertiary consumer → secondary consumer B Producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → decomposer C Decomposer → primary consumer → producer → secondary consumer D Primary consumer → secondary consumer → decomposer → tertiary consumer

29. 28 Like most invasive species, fire ants have successfully migrated into new territories because of — A genetic drift B advantageous coloration C lack of population control D mutation of genes

30. 29 Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers? F Hawks G Weasels H Raccoons J Mice

31. 30 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns

32. 31 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50%

33. 32 In this food chain, the spiders are — A producers B primary consumers C competitors D secondary consumers

34. 33 A person living near this pond wants to reduce the mosquito population. The mosquito population included in this food web could be reduced by — A planting more duckweed B catching more minnows C removing some martin houses D adding more shelter for frogs

35. 34 According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore? F Caterpillar G Mouse H Ant J Fly larva

36. 35 The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid is primarily the result of the difference in — F food choices of individual niches G oceanic zones of habitat H the amount of food energy at each trophic level J the relative heights of the organisms

37. 36 The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these does the picture demonstrate? F Photosynthesis occurring G Wood regenerating H Decomposers growing J Genes transforming

38. 37 If a single plant species is removed from a food web, then most likely — A an animal species will fill the unoccupied niche B other plants will produce enough food for herbivores C dependent herbivores will have to find new food sources D carnivores will be unaffected by the loss

39. 38 The diagram shows a cross section of a leaf from a plant that most likely — A grows in the desert B floats on a pond C lives under trees D climbs up walls

40. 39 Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis and respiration? A Q B R C S D T

41. 40 This seed is best dispersed by — A water B birds C wind D insects

42. 41 Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight? F Bright flowers G Large leaves H Short stems J Thick cuticles

43. 42 Which of the following characteristics could help short plants survive in areas with limited sunlight? F Broad leaf surfaces G Brightly colored flowers H Thick stems J Shallow roots

44. 43 Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than any other plant in the desert. How are deep roots an adaptation for survival in the desert? F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators. G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the desert surface. H Roots can extend great distances to reach water. J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria below the surface.

45. 44 Which of the following is an adaptation most likely observed in plants growing along Aransas Bay? A Sensitivity to green light B Tolerance of saltwater C Extension of root length D Resistance to predation Watersheds The San Antonio–Nueces Coastal Basin, shown in the map below, consists mainly of flatland. The soil in the area is mostly sandy and porous. Rainfall that collects in this area drains into the Gulf of Mexico by a series of waterways. The San Antonio–Nueces Coastal Basin is one of more than 20 major watersheds in Texas. A watershed is a geographic area that drains water collected on its surface. Watersheds provide a way for water to move from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Sediment and dissolved materials are also moved to lower elevations. Rivers and streams form a general pattern within a watershed. The map shows this general pattern within the San Antonio–Nueces Coastal Basin. This type of pattern is called a dendritic pattern and can be observed in many natural structures, including the network of nerves in the human nervous system and branching patterns in trees. Watersheds can change as the geography and other features of an area change. Some of the causes of change are more obvious than others. For example, the clearing of wooded areas for the construction of buildings may change the way rainfall collects and drains from an area.

46. 45 Cacti grow slowly compared to most other plants. The fact that cacti keep their stomata closed for much of the day can help explain this growth characteristic. Which of these best explains the advantage of keeping stomata closed during the day? F It limits water loss through transpiration. G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis. H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant systems. J It protects plant tissues from predators.

47. Grade 10 Objective 3 Answer Key