The Values, Fears and Aspirations of 19th Century New Zealanders

1. The Values, Fears and Aspirations of 19th Century New Zealanders Ideas the immigrants brought to New Zealand Level 3 History S Avery

2. The Immigrants • Cultural Baggage • Social Class • Debate on the Development of Male Culture History 19th Century NZers

3. Cultural Baggage Brought “Cultural Baggage” in the form of: • Values • Ideals • Institutions • Language • Ways of Doing things This baggage was modified to fit the circumstances they experienced in NZ History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

4. Anglocentricism The belief in the superiority of the British, more particularly the English, culture. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

5. ‘Empire was expected to come in one of three ways: conversion, conquest or fatal impact.’ Conversion was the whole package ‘of agencies by which non-Europeans were to be transferred into something European-like and peacefully subordinated to Europe.’ James Belich, Making Peoples A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century, Auckland, 1996. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

6. Pakeha Settler Individualistic Family farmer Hard working Anti-landlord Thrifty Energetic Progressive Secular and moral Egalitarian Maori “Savage” (often landlord) Communistic Tribal Lazy Spendthrift Unproductive Dependent Promiscuous Bad ‘black’ landlord Stereotypes common among Pakeha New Zealanders around 1890 according to Tom Brooking History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

7. Where settlers came from http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/HistoryOfImmigration/4/ENZ-Resources/Standard/4/en History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

8. Sovereignty • The British believed they had obtained sovereignty by the Treaty A 20th-century depiction of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, 6 February 1840 History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

9. Sovereignty The Wars and the resistance movements that followed them had an effect on the country. Most European New Zealanders though they demonstrated ‘sovereignty rested with “the Crown” - that is, with the New Zealand Government of the day - and not with the Maori. That, after all, is what their view of the Treaty of Waitangi had been all about.’ Maori feeling that the Treaty had been dishonoured by the Crown was little understood by Pakeha. Michael King, The Penguin History of New Zealand, Auckland, 2003, pp. 220-221. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

10. Sovereignty Queen Victoria History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

11. British Institutions • Institutions are important systems of organisation in society that have existed for a long time • Examples are: the law; Parliament, the army History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

12. Individual Land Ownership History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

13. Christianity • Protestant work ethic • Hard work • Employment The Parish Church at Sturton-le-Steeple which was the home of Pastor John Robinson and the William White family. Photo by Alice C. Teal History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

14. Martial Tradition • Legality of force Sadler,_Battle_of_Waterloo History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

15. Martial Tradition cont. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

16. Martial Tradition cont. Horses being shod at the camp at Newtown Park, Wellington, during the South African War  History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

17. Martial Tradition cont. ‘The myth of martial New Zealanders, later known as the “Anzac legend”, became central in Pakeha collective identity. It actually dates from the New Zealand Wars although it was partially aborted by the embarrassment of frequent defeats by Maori.’ James Belich, Making Peoples A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century, Auckland, 1996, p. 242. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

18. Women’s roles • House keepers • Bearing and raising children • Sober and thrifty • Setting a moral tone History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

19. Ethel Benjamin • New Zealand's first woman lawyer • 1875-1943 History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

20. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

21. Men’s roles • Work hard and earn a livelihood • Marry within their own race • Maintain family values • Defend the realm History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

22. ‘A government jail gang, Sydney’ Very few Europeans came to New Zealand in the 50 years after its rediscovery by Captain James Cook. Of those who did, many sailed across the Tasman Sea from Port Jackson (Sydney), which was a large convict settlement. This is a lithograph of a Sydney prison gang, whose villainous faces are somewhat exaggerated. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

23. Men’s roles cont. History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

24. Plants and animals • Make the landscape look like home North Island conifer-broadleaf forest History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

25. Plants and animals cont. Constable: Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

26. Discontent with the home country • Avoid the evils of the old world History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

27. Modification of Cultural Baggage due to Circumstances • Maori rangatiratanga • Incomplete hold of British law • Harsh natural environment • Loneliness • Distance from home • Lack of capital • Depression • Transience History 19th Century NZers - Cultural Baggage

28. Social Class • Immigrants hoped to change their class as part of getting ahead • Success depended on: • Access to capital and credit • Luck • Getting in early History 19th Century NZers - Social Class

29. ‘Emigration a remedy’ This famous emigration poster compares life in England and New Zealand. In the 1830s and 1840s many people in England believed in the theory that population growth was related to food production, and that as Britain’s population continued to rise there would be penury and starvation – as depicted in the scene on the left. The solution was to encourage emigration to countries where abundant land would bring plenty of food and health – as in the happy scene on the right. http://www.teara.govt.nz/ History 19th Century NZers - Social Class

30. Social Class cont. Settler society was shaped ‘by a potent mix of industrial ideology, new philosophies of reason, new Calvinist evangelism and new economic theory.’ This explains the society settlers built with its tilt to egalitarianism, dreams of private home ownership, self –help ethic and emphasis on security. New Zealand was settled at an extraordinary rate in the mid century and the scale of movement was even greater as tens of thousands poured in for the gold rushes and later left for diggings elsewhere. Wright, Mathew, Reed Illustrated History Of New Zealand, Auckland, 2004, pp. 94-95 History 19th Century NZers - Social Class

31. Order of Worth: New Zealand Society in the 1890s • Family farmer • Small business (family) • Skilled labourer/miner • Hard working rural unskilled worker • Hard working urban unskilled worker • Maori and ‘loafer’ and monopolist and aristocrat and ‘fallen’ women • Asiatics • Pests (animals and plants) History 19th Century NZers - Social Class

32. The Debate on the Development of Male Culture The established historical interpretation to the later 1980s was: • Society was a collection of small, local communities • Stability and tradition were key features History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

33. Miles Fairburn Miles Fairburn presented a ‘man alone’ analysis • Geographical isolation • Individualism more important than community • Male isolation the key element in social formation • Social. Physical, emotional isolation • Lack of family networks • Atomised, bondless society • Dominated by young males • Loneliness, drunkenness, violence History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

34. Jock Phillips Jock Phillips argues mateship led to a distinctive male culture • Found in: • Bush camps, shearing gangs, gold fields, pubs. • It emphasised: • Physical prowess • An ability to ‘do it yourself’ • Equality • Pubs where drinking, shouting and yarns dominated • Argues that male culture changed in the 1880s • Rules for rugby • Rise of prohibition and temperance History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

35. Views counter to Fairburn • Kinship and the impact of chain migration lessened isolation • There was a lack of guns • Women and families had a significant role • Cooperation was a feature in the workplace and the community • Mateship was more important than atomisation • Violence due to a lack of women History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

36. History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

37. Aylmer Street and Gold Mine, Ross History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

38. ‘Their War Cry before starting play' • Cartoon published during the New Zealand Natives' Rugby Tour of 1888/89 History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

39. In the Shearing Shed History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

40. Crew of the sailing ship Timaru standing at her bow. She is in the graving dock at Port Chalmers. 1875-1899 History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

41. Pakeha New Zealand was established by 1870. ‘Little villages no longer clung to the fringes of a Maori world.’ Maori landholdings had been decimated and Pakeha outposts set up in the middle of the North Island. ‘The colony was acquiring a degree of solidarity and permanence which had not characterised it a decade earlier.’ Binney, Judith, Bassett, Judith, Olssen, Erik, The People and The Land, Te Tangata me Te Whenua An Illustrated History of New Zealand 1820-1920, Wellington, 1990, p. 121. History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture

42. Tinakori Road, Wellington Brees, Samuel Charles 1810-1865 History 19th Century NZers - Development of Male Culture