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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. The determinants of Health & Individual Human Development of Australia’s ADULTS. 9.1 Biological Determinants: Genetics. Genetics - combination of genes inherited from parents Has a significant impact on Health & Human Development

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 The determinants of Health & Individual Human Development of Australia’s ADULTS

  2. 9.1 Biological Determinants: Genetics • Genetics - combination of genes inherited from parents • Has a significant impact on Health & Human Development • Determines physical characteristics such as eye colour, height etc. • Also, predisposition to disease that may not show until adulthood

  3. Genetic Conditions impacting Adults • Result from altered or faulty set of genes • Examples of diseases that can impact in Adulthood are: • Alzheimer’s Disease • Huntington’s Disease

  4. Alzheimer’s Disease • What is Alzheimer' Disease?

  5. Alzheimer’s Disease • Table 9.1 (page 270) • Copy into workbooks; Impacts on Health & Development • 4 impacts on Health • 4 impacts on Development

  6. Huntington’s Disease (HD) • Caused by a defective gene • Children (of HD) have a 50% chance of also suffering from HD • Gradual loss of intellectual, physical and emotional capacities. • Daniel's Story

  7. Huntington’s Disease (HD) • Table 9.2 (page 271) • Copy into workbooks; Impacts on Development; • An impact on Physical • An impact on Social • An impact on Emotional • An impact on Intellectual

  8. DVD – Iris (time permitting) • Complete Worksheet (DVD run time-89 mins) • Computer Room (will be required)

  9. Genetic Predisposition to Disease • Some adults are at greater risk as they have inherited certain genes • CANCER • DIABETES (type II)

  10. Cancers • Cancer is changed genes that develop abnormally and form a cancerous lump. • Cancers that have a genetic predisposition include; • Breast • Ovarian • Bowel • Skin (melanoma) (pages 271-273)

  11. Diabetes (Type II) • Insulin is the hormone that is secreted by the Pancreas – this enables the body to metabolise glucose (sugars) as energy. • In type II Diabetes the insulin is not produced properly, consequently blood glucose level will rise. • Symptoms; extreme tiredness, excessive thirst, blurred vision, increase risk of infections. • Lifestyle factors increase risk, however, it is also genetic.

  12. Review • Complete Question – Test yo knowledge Apply your knowledge Q5. Page. 273

  13. 9.2 Biological Determinants: Body Weight • Combination of inherited and lifestyle / behavioural factors • Overweight & Obesity are on the increase over the past 20-30 years • See figure 9.5 (page 274) • Recall BMI? • Also distribution of excess body fat; • (Fat around the waist is a greater risk of health related • conditions compared to fat around the • butt & thighs)

  14. 9.2 Biological Determinants: Body Weight • Overweight / Obesity contributes to • Type II diabetes • Coronary Heart disease • Sleep apnoea • High blood pressure (hypertension) • Certain cancers • Osteoarthritis • Psychological disorders etc...

  15. 9.3 Biological Determinants: Blood Pressure • Ideal Blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg • SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE – is the maximum pressure when the heart is contracting (top number) • DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE – is the maximum pressure when the heart is relaxing (bottom number) • Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

  16. Blood Pressure • Measure by a sphygmomanometer • High blood pressure is HYPERTENSION • (Equal to or more than 140/90mmHg to 180/110mmHg) • Hypertension is a major risk factor in Coronary Heart Disease • Very common –1 in 7 Australians are effected by Hypertension / 8 % of all Burden of Disease in 2003 • Treatment – Diet, Exercise and Medications

  17. Coronary Heart Disease • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)(6.48mins) • (USA call in Coronary Artery Disease - CAD)

  18. Coronary Heart Disease; Terms • Arteriosclerosis; Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries (loss of elasticity) • Atherosclerosis; narrowing of the arteries as a result or fatty deposits (‘plaque’) on the artery walls. • Angina; – temporary chest pain associated with narrowing of the coronary arteries • Myocardial infarction; commonly know as a heart attack; a blockage in the coronary arteries which results in permanent damage to the heart muscle. • Cardiac Arrest; – Heart stops functioning. COPY fig 9.11 into your books – page 278

  19. Stroke • Most common cause of death in Australia • Also know as CEREBROVASCULAR disease • During a stroke blood flow is interrupted to the BRAIN (blood clot or blood vessel breaking) Brain cells in the affected area may die. • Severity depends on size and location of the stroke

  20. TIA – Transient Ischaemic Attack • ‘Mini Stoke’ – is like a warning that a more severe stoke is likely to occur in the future • Should be treated immediately! • What is a Stroke?(approx. 6 mins) • Complete Clip Question sheet COPY fig 9.13 into your books – page 279

  21. Kidney Failure • Kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and control the fluid levels of the body. • Signs of Kidney failure – frequent urination, greater volume of urine, pain when urinating, foaming urine, swelling in the lower limbs & back pain. • If not treated – can cause vomiting, breathlessness, loss of appetite, tiredness • Risk factors are diabetes, obesity, over 50, family history, smoking, Aboriginal or TSI decent.

  22. 9.4 Biological Determinants: Blood Cholesterol • Cholesterol is a type of fat; Functions in the body • Produces hormones • Assists with digestion • Component of cell membranes TWO TYPES HDLs – High Density Lipoproteins LDLs – Low Density Lipoproteins

  23. Cholesterol HDLs – Good or ‘Healthy’ ‘Happy’ LDLs – Bad or ‘Loser’

  24. Cholesterol • Can be reduced through lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, not smoking, healthy weight etc. • Diet Modifications – REDUCE saturated fats, INCREASE mono and polyunsaturated fats. • Example- • Less animal fats, butter, deep fried foods etc. • More fish, seafood, nuts, olive oil, avocado etc. • Complete Questions Q1-5, Page 282

  25. 9.5 Behavioural Determinants: Smoking • Single most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia. • 7.8% of the Burden of Disease • (more for males than females) • Cigarettes has over 4000 chemicals • Nicotine causes the addiction • Effects of smoking are well documented – cancers, emphysema etc.

  26. 9.6 Behavioural Determinants: Physical Activity • Health effects of Exercise are well documented • - Figure 9.21 (page 285) • Copy into workbooks; Impacts on Health & Development • 3 impacts on Health • 3 impacts on Development • National Guidelines recommendations for physical activity are; • Be involved in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activities on most (preferably all) days.

  27. 9.7 Behavioural Determinants: Food Intake

  28. 9.7 Behavioural Determinants: Food Intake • Recall the 6 nutrients • - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats (Macronutrients) • Vitamins, Minerals (Micronutrients) & Water • See Table 9.4 Protective / Risk Factors • List 2 Nutrients with Protective Factors Explain why? • List 2 Nutrients with Risk Factors • Explain why? • Page 288 - Questions Q 1-9

  29. 9.8 Behavioural Determinants: Alcohol Use • Most widely accepted recreational drug in Australia.

  30. ALCOHOL – General Information

  31. Street Names • Booze • Grog • Bevies • Liquor • Sherberts • Cold one • Turps • Cocktails

  32. Alcohol is a Depressant.

  33. Alcohol is swallowed as a liquid.

  34. Alcohol is made from fruits, vegetables and grains. • Grapes • Apples, pears, peaches, plums, bananas, pineapple • Juniper berries • Corn • Molasses or sugar cane • Barley, hops, malt • Rice

  35. People drink alcohol to… • Feel more relaxed • Look cool • Forget problems • Join the party, be social • Become intoxicated • Get ‘courage’ • To make things ‘more fun’ during holidays • Whilst watching sporting events

  36. Standard Drinks All of these drinks contain the SAME amount of ALCOHOL

  37. Immediate Effects • Blurred vision • Slurred speech • Impairs motor coordination • Increased heart beat • Lowers body temperature • Vomiting • Hangover • Alcohol poisoning (death)

  38. Long Term Effects on the Body • Brain damage • Heart disease • Stomach ulcers • Liver disease “cirrhosis” • Osteoporosis • Muscle Weakness • Weight gain

  39. Stages of Cirrhosis

  40. Alcoholism A physical and mental need for alcohol that turns into a progressive and chronic disease.

  41. DRINK DRIVING accidents are a major cause of deaths

  42. Five local teenagers died in this alcohol related accident.

  43. Alcohol: A Danger for Teens • Nearly 50% of all teen suicide victims drank alcohol at the time of their death. • Drinking alcohol is the leading factor in unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. • About 1/3 of crimes committed by youth are related to alcohol consumption. • Almost 1/3 of all traffic deaths involving people under 25 are related to alcohol.

  44. Drinking and getting drunk is NOT cool!Alcohol is a DRUG!Talk with your parents about Drinking. If you get into trouble - you should know what to do.Don’t be a statistic.

  45. Alcohol • Information Handout

  46. (ARBI) – Alcohol Related Brain Impairment • More than 2500 Australian adults are treated for ARBI with another 200,000 suffering from the condition. • Suffer from problems such as memory, cognitive abilities and physical coordination. • Binge drinking can also contribute to ARBI

  47. 9.9 Biological Determinants: Drug Use • A DRUG is anything that produces a PSYCHOACTIVE effect! (altering of mental processes such as mood, thinking, emotions and behaviour) • Complete Drug Effects Summary Handout from pages 291-292

  48. 9.10 Biological Determinants: Sexual Practices Many Issues – • STI – Sexually Transmitted Infections • Pregnancy / Fertility / Infertility • Reproduction Function & Dysfunction Complete QUESTIONS Test your knowledge Q 1-4 Apply your knowledge Q5. Page 295

  49. 9.11 Physical Determinants: Housing & Workplace Safety • Housing Stress – occur when the cost of Housing (mortgage or rental) is high in relation to the household income. • Lack of affordable housing is a concern • Less money for other day to day items, such as medications, clothing food, bills etc. • Other effects are tension headaches, anxiety, memory lapses, chronic fatigue, heart palpitations, heartburn etc (page 297)

  50. Mortgage anyone? In Victoria, the average Home Loan- • In April 1979 was $24,300. • In April 1989 was $68,400. • In April 1999 was $123,500. • In April 2009 was $249,000. • In June 2010 it has become $353,886

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