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Intro to Protein Synthesis

Intro to Protein Synthesis. 6.1. Establishing a Link . Between genes and protein Archibald Garrod Studied patients with alcaptonuria A disease that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air Caused by increased levels of homogentisic acid in urine. Garrod’s Conclusions.

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Intro to Protein Synthesis

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  1. Intro to Protein Synthesis 6.1

  2. Establishing a Link... • Between genes and protein Archibald Garrod • Studied patients with alcaptonuria • A disease that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air • Caused by increased levels of homogentisic acid in urine

  3. Garrod’s Conclusions • Discovered that the build of up the acid was due to a defective enzyme • Some patients were blood relatives • Disease caused by a recessive inheritance factor that produced a defective enzyme • Thus there is a link between genes and proteins

  4. Beadle & Tatum • 1941 – George Beadle & Edward Tatum • Wanted to figure out if all enzymes in a biochemical pathway were controlled by one gene, or if one gene controlled the production of one enzyme

  5. Beadle & Tatum • Performed experiments with bread mould • Came up with the one-gene/one-polypeptide hypothesis Pg 245

  6. Pg 245

  7. Pg 245

  8. Pg 245

  9. Frederick Sanger • 1953 – showed that proteins consist of amino acids linked together • Each protein has a particular amino acid sequence

  10. How was information in the DNA sequence converted to the amino acid sequence of a protein?

  11. mRNA • Messenger RNA • Hypothesized in 1961 by Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod • Contains the genetic info of a gene • Carries info to the protein synthesis machinery in the cytoplasm

  12. The Genetic Code • Allows the nucleotide sequence of mRNA to be converted to the amino acid sequence of a protein • 4 bases found in mRNA -code for 20 amino acids

  13. The Genetic Code Triplet Hypothesis • Codon-sequence of 3 bases found in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid. • 64 possible combinations (43=64) (redundancy in genetic code-minimizes errors that may lead to mutations.

  14. The Genetic Code • Start codon – signals initiation of polypeptide (AUG, methionine) • Stop codon – signals termination of polypeptide (UAA, UAG, UGA)

  15. Figure 6.1 page 248

  16. Gene Expression • The synthesis of a protein based on the DNA sequence of a gene Pg 249

  17. The Central Dogma • States that DNA carries the genetic information which is transcribed to RNA and then translated to protein DNA rNA protein

  18. Pg 249

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