PC Hardware Basic Guide

1. PC Hardware Basic Guide Module 5 - Processors

2. 2 Module 5 - Processors Overview It is a single chip CPU. It is an electronic component integrated with thousands and millions of transistors for performing arithmetic and logic operations. The first processor under Advanced Technology is 80286. 80386, 80486 and the other Pentium processors. Lesson Covered in this Module Microprocessors Advanced Processors Choosing, Installing and troubleshooting a processor

3. 3 Lesson 1 - Microprocessors Introduction A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic Unit and the Control Unit It performs functions like executing the instructions given by the user program, controlling the I/O operations and the functions of peripheral devices

4. 4 Lesson 1 - Microprocessors Topics Covered in this Lesson Microprocessors Logic Gates Number Systems System Bus 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor 8088 Microprocessor Support Chips used in 8088

5. 5 Topic 1 – Microprocessor The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing Arithmetic and logic operations The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The logic operations are taking decision based on same conditions. Block diagram of Microprocessor

6. 6 Topic 2 – Logic Gates AND Gate AND gate is a logic gate which produces an output “1” if both the inputs are “1”. OR Gate The output of OR gate is logic 1 if any one of its input is logic 1.

7. 7 Topic 2 – Logic Gates NOT gate or Inverter If the input is logic 1 the output is 0 and vice versa. XOR Gate The output of XOR gate is one if one input is complement of the other.

8. 8 Topic 2 – Logic Gates NAND gate The output is logic 1 if at least one input is logic 0. The Register unit is used to store data. The control unit controls operations like generating the control signals for reading, and writing data to memory or I/O devices.

9. 9 Topic 3 - Number Systems The different numbers systems in use are Decimal Number System which has numbers in the range 0 to 9 Octal Number System which has the numbers in the 0 to 7 Binary Number System which has the numbers 0 and 1 Hexadecimal Number System which has the numbers in the range 0 to 9 and A to F

10. 10 Topic 3 - Number Systems Decimal to Binary Conversion For example: (29)10 converted to binary 29/2 = 14 remainder 1 14/2 = 7 remainder 0 7/2 = 3 remainder 1 3/2 = 1 remainder 1 1/2 = 0 remainder 1 (Decimal) 27 = Binary (11101)2 Binary to Decimal Conversion For example: (11101)2 Binary number (11101)2 = ( Decimal) 16+8+4+0+1= 29

11. 11 Topic 3 - Number Systems Hexadecimal Number System The hexadecimal numbers are 0 to 9 and A to F. Continued….

12. 12 Topic 3 - Number Systems

13. 13 Topic 3 - Number Systems Hexadecimal to Binary conversion (1A)16 = (0001 1010)2 The binary value for 1 is 0001 The binary value for A is 1010 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion The binary number (0001 1010)2 (0001)2 is 1; (1010) 2 is A The hexadecimal value is thus (1A)16

14. 14 Topic 3 - Number Systems Hexadecimal to Decimal Number The hexadecimal is first converted to binary and the binary number is then converted into decimal. For example: Hexadecimal number (2B)16 Step 1 - Hexadecimal number to binary (2B)16 = (0010 1011)2 Step 2 - Binary number (0010 1011)2 to decimal 32+8+2+1=43 Hexadecimal number (2B) 16 = (0010 1011)2= (43)10

15. 15 Topic 4 - System Bus The system bus is divided into three namely Address bus Data Bus Control Bus Address Bus - used to locate the unique locations to get the data Data Bus - used to send data between devices and memory Control Bus – It carries control signal from the processor to other devices or memory.

16. 16 Topic 5 - Processors 8085 Microprocessor It is a 40 pin DIP package IC It is an 8 bit processor It is 3.125 MHz It has16 bit address bus Operates on +5V DC power supply The pin diagram of 8085

17. 17 Topic 5 - Processors The signals present in the microprocessor are, Address and Data Bus The address bus of 8085 microprocessor is 16 bit. The low order address lines AD0 to AD7 are multiplexed. The High order A8 to A15 are dedicated for carrying the address. Demultiplexed using Address Latch Enable (ALE) signal.

18. 18 Topic 5 - Processors Control and Status Signals Control signals - RD and WR Status signals - IO/M, S0 and S1 Special signal - ALE to demultiplex the address and the data signals. ALE (Address latch Enable) - Generates every time during the beginning of the operation. RD (Read) - indicates that the selected memory location or the I/O device has to be read. WR (Write) - indicates that data is available on the data bus and the data has to be written to the memory location or the I/O device Provided by the address bus.

19. 19 Topic 5 - Processors IO/M Low signal it indicates a memory operation High signal indicates an input output operation Power Supply and Frequency Signals Vcc – It is the power supply given to the microprocessor for its operation. Vss – It is the ground reference X1 and X2 are the two ends which are connected to the crystal CLK (OUT) – used as a system clock for other devices.

20. 20 Topic 5 - Processors Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals Interrupt Request (INTR) signal is generated by the peripheral devices to catch the attention of the CPU. Externally Initiated Signals RESET (RESET IN and RESET OUT), HOLD, READY. RESET IN: the microprocessor is reset RESET OUT: used by the processor to reset the other peripheral devices HOLD: generated by the DMA controller requesting the microprocessor to grant the bus.

21. 21 Topic 5 - Processors Serial I/O Ports SID and SOD are two signals used for serial transmission. SID is used to receive data bit by bit SOD pin is used to output data bit by bit. Flag Registers Indicates the status of the Arithmetic and Logic operations. The Flag registers present in 8085 microprocessor Sign Flag Zero Flag Carry Flag Auxiliary Carry Flag Parity Flag

22. 22 Topic 6 - Features of 8086 Microprocessor 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor The clock speed varies from 4 MHz to 10 MHz The data bus width is 16 bit The width of the address bus is 20 bits. Operates with +5V DC power supply It is a 40 pin DIPP Package It has a pipelined architecture Does not provide a coprocessor support

23. 23 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor The data bus is 8 bit. The clock speed supported is 4.77 MHz It supports the 8087 coprocessor Supports DMA data transfer Supports pipelined architecture. Supports nine flags Provides large number of I/O ports up to 64K The 8088 microprocessor operates in two different modes. Minimum Mode Maximum Mode

24. 24 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor The pin MN/MX decides the mode in which the processor can operate. Under Minimum Mode, there is no coprocessor support.

25. 25 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor The MN/MX pin should be low to operate in Maximum mode.

26. 26 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor Basic units of 8088 Microprocessor Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU). Functions performed by the BIU I/O read and write Memory read and write Address generation and storing pre-fetched instructions Functions performed by the EU Decoding the instructions fetched by the Bus Interface Unit Executing the instructions to generate the result

27. 27 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor Co-Processor 8087 Used for performing arithmetic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic instructions. So it is termed as Numerical Data Processor (NDP). Working of 8087 Co-Processor The results of floating point operations are desired to have 18 decimal digit accuracy.

28. 28 Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor Interface between 8088 and 8087 in a PC The address/data bus lines of he 8088 microprocessor are connected directly with the 8087 Co-Processor.

29. 29 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 Different support chips present in the 8088 motherboard. 8284 – Clock Generator is used to generate the clock 8259-- Interrupt controller. 8288 is the bus controller. 8237 is the DMA controller. 8253 is the programmable Timer 8255 is the Programmable Peripheral Interface 373 and 245 are address latches and buffer

30. 30 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 Classification of Support Chips Dumb Chip No intelligence and it is not programmable Does not have separate memory to store the commands and the controls Function of the dumb chip is fixed and is according to the input Smart Chip It is programmable and has intelligence. Separate memory to store the commands and the controls Troubleshooting of a smart chip is complex

31. 31 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) – 8259A It is used in the XT motherboard to generate an interrupt signal PCI is an interface between the CPU and the device. The XT motherboard supports one interrupt controller which can support eight devices

32. 32 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 The AT motherboard supports two interrupt controllers (8259) for supporting 15 interrupts.

33. 33 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 Programmable DMA Controller 8237 Inn XT motherboard only one DMA controller is present. In AT motherboards, two DMA controllers are cascaded. The DMA controller has four channels Channel 0 is used for refreshing RAM Channel 1 is not used Channel 2 is used by Floppy Disk Controller for performing data transfer Channel 3 is used by Hard Disk Controller for performing data transfer

34. 34 Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors Introduction The advancement in technology brought many variations to the Extended Technology XT and the Advanced Technology was introduced It is very much essential to identify the different processors, their features and the sockets or the slots where they can be connected.

35. 35 Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors Topics Covered in this Lesson 80286 Processor 80386 Processor and 80486 Processor Types of Instruction Set Pentium Processor Processor Generations Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors Pentium II Processors Pentium Xeon Processors Celeron Processors Pentium III Processors Pentium IV Processor AMD Processor Processor Identification

36. 36 Topic 1 - 80286 Processor The registers and the ALU is 16 bit. The width of the address bus is 24 bit. It operates with +5V DC It operates in 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12.5 MHz It has Non-Multiplexed address/data bus

37. 37 Topic 1 - 80286 Processor There are four stage in executing an instruction. The instruction execution in a pipeline.

38. 38 Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors Intel 80386 processor It is a 32 bit microprocessor. Two types are 80386 SX and 80386 DX. They are real mode, protected mode and virtual 86 mode. The 80386 SX has 24 address lines and the 80386 DX has 32 address lines Supports instruction pipelining

39. 39 Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors Intel 80486 Processor Two types 80486 SX and 80486 SL 80486 DX 80486 DX2 80486 DX4 It has inbuilt Numeric Data processor It has a unified inbuilt cache memory

40. 40 Topic 3 - Types of Instruction Set Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) This processors are provided with large number of complex instructions Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) It has less number of transistors and is cheaper. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) It has combined features of both CISC and RISC. Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many instructions per word.

41. 41 Topic 4 - Pentium Processors Comparison

42. 42 Topic 4 - Pentium Processors Features of Pentium Processor Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture. Supports Functional Redundancy Check. Supports effective power management feature. Supports multiprocessor

43. 43 Topic 4 - Pentium Processors Cyrix 686 Processor The pin of the Cyrix processor was Pentium compatible and could be placed in SOCKET 7. AMD Processors The series of AMD processors K5 processor K6, K6-2, K6-3 processors K7 Athlon processor.

44. 44 Topic 5 - Processor Generations

45. 45 Topic 5 - Processor Generations

46. 46 Topic 5 - Processor Generations The table shows the size of cache memory supported by different processors

47. 47 Topic 5 - Processor Generations Some of the specifications, the significance and example of processor.

48. 48 Topic 5 - Processor Generations The figure below shows the different generations of computers and the processors

49. 49 Topic 6 - Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors Pentium MMX It has on chip multimedia architecture. Supports enhanced Pipeline feature Operates with 2.8V Intel Pentium PRO Super pipelining Architecture Integrated L1 Cache Optimized performance for 32 bit code

50. 50 Topic 7 - Pentium II Processor It integrated MMX feature in it. Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz, 333 MHz. Supports 512 KB of L2 cache Supports 32 KB of L1 cache Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit

51. 51 Topic 8 - Pentium Xeon Processor It is a combination of the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II technology. It supported 512 KB or 1 MB of Level II cache memory The Level 2 cache ran at the same frequency as the core frequency of the processor. Support multi processor configuration. Not available in higher clock speeds.

52. 52 Topic 9 - Celeron Processor Intel 266 MHz processor Celeron processor operating at 366 MHz with 128 KB L2 cache. Coppermine Celeron processor operating at 950 MHz with 128 KB L2 cache. Intel Celeron processor with an integrated heat sink.

53. 53 Topic 10 - Pentium III Processor Supports different applications like 3-D, imaging, streaming video, speech recognition and audio applications. support clock speed up to 800 MHz. suited to Multimedia applications called MMX. The instruction set of Pentium supports Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD). The Pentium III processor comes in three different packages. Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2 Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array 2

54. 54 Topic 11 - Pentium IV Processor Supports Netburst architecture. Characteristics of Netburst architecture Hyper pipelined Technology Rapid Execution Engine Execution Trace cache 400 MHz System bus 256 KB L2 cache The ALU runs at twice the clock speed Sits in the 423 pin socket Clock frequencies from 1.5GHz with 20 stage pipeline

55. 55 Topic 12 - AMD Processors AMD64 family consist of AMD Opteron processor AMD Athlon 64 processor AMD Turion 64 mobile technology AMD Opteron Enables simultaneous 32- and 64-bit computing. AMD64 Dual-Core Technology directly connects two processor cores to a single die

56. 56 Topic 12 - AMD Processors AMD Athlon Enhanced Virus Protection when supported by the OS. Run 32-bit applications at full speed Enable 64-bit software applications AMD Turion It is used for simultaneous 32- and 64-bit Windows compatible processors. AMD PowerNow technology, longer the battery life Deliver AMD64 performance in thinner and lighter notebook.

57. 57 Topic 13 - Processor Identification FC-LGA4 Package This is used in Pentium4 processors that fit to the LGA775 socket. The figure below shows the LGA 775 socket in comparison with socket 478

58. 58 Topic 13 - Processor Identification FC-PGA2 Package It is used in Celeron Processor with 370 pins In Pentium Processor with 478 pins. Flip Chip –Pin Grid Array Package (FC-PGA) It has pins on the underside of the chip and are inserted into sockets. Present in Pentium III processors and Celeron Processors with 370 pins.

59. 59 Topic 13 - Processor Identification Organic Land Grid Array (OLGA) Package In this package the processor makes use of the flip chip design. It is employed in the Pentium 4 processor with 423 pins. Pin Grid Array (PGA) package The pins are arranged in a manner that chip sits in only one direction.

60. 60 Topic 13 - Processor Identification Short Edge Contact Cartridge Package The processor is connected to the motherboard with the help of slot seen in Pentium II processors S.E.C.C.2 Package Thermal plate is not present in this package Used by Pentium II Processor and Pentium III processor

61. 61 Topic 13 - Processor Identification Single Edge Processor SEP Package There is no covering in this package The circuit board is seen clearly from the rear side. used in early Intel Celeron processor with 242 contact points.

62. 62 Topic 13 - Processor Identification Package Types for Mobile Processors Micro-FCPGA Provided with 478 pins. uses Zero Insertion Force techniques which ensures easy placement and removal of the package. Micro-FCBGA It is provided with ball like contacts instead of pins. Used by Pentium III mobile processors and has 495 balls.

63. 63 Topic 13 - Processor Identification Micro PGA2 Package This package used the Zero Insertion Force removal and addition of processors. The capacitors placed on the bottom side of the package Mobile Module Cartridge-2 (MMC-2 ) Package This package consists of the processor and the host bridge controller on a single electronic circuit.

64. 64 Topic 14 – Processor Technologies VRM A CPU is a collection of transistors. These transistors work at a specific voltage level. If excessive voltage is supplied to the transistor it will burn off Hence the motherboard manufacturers had to take special care of the CPU voltages.

65. 65 Topic 14 – Processor Technologies Hyperthreading A processor architecture where simultaneous multi-threading is done is called hyper-threading It is a method of making a single chip operates like two separate devices Throttling CPU throttling is a feature which protects the CPU from overheating and thus increases the life-cycle of a CPU. It is a dynamic way of controlling the processor speed as a function of the temperature.

66. 66 Lesson 3 – Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a processor Introduction CPU is the main component next to the motherboard. It yields the system, the ability to process information. It runs at a speed in GHz. i.e. 1 by 1000000000th of a second. A single hitch can make it non-functional. It seldom fails. Topics covered are Choosing a CPU Installing a CPU Troubleshooting a CPU

67. 67 Topic 1 – Choosing a CPU Choosing a CPU The CPU that is chosen must be appropriate for the CPU slot on the Motherboard. Motherboards can have a ZIF socket or SECC slot. Choose the right CPU (either slot or socket. The motherboard has a chipset which controls the functioning of the system. The CPUs work on a specific voltage supplied to them. It gets this voltage from the motherboard.

68. 68 Topic 2 – Installing a CPU Installing a CPU While installing the CPU, never touch the pins of the CPU. As general CPU is much easier than a Socket CPU. A slot type CPU is simply inserted into the CPU slot when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the notch on the CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket. Latest CPU technology uses a 4-pin Auxiliary connector to supply power to the connector.

69. 69 Topic 3 – Troubleshooting a CPU Troubleshooting a CPU Troubleshooting a processor is a task which is usually is done by the manufacturer. Leave alone troubleshooting, The identification of the problem can be only done by one method. The overheating might be due to various reasons like a bent pin, over-voltage. As troubleshooting can be done only at the chip-level, replacing the CPU is the only solution.

70. 70 Conclusion Logic gates are the basic fundamental units of electronic circuits The 8088 microprocessor has two basic units namely the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU). Intel 80486 is a 32 bit processor. The Intel Pentium PRO processor was the first in the Pentium II generation Troubleshooting a CPU can be done only at the chip-level, replacing the CPU is the only solution