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DNA Structure and Replication: A Comprehensive Guide

Understand the structure of DNA, the nitrogenous bases, Chargaff's Rule, and the scientists behind its discovery. Learn about DNA replication and RNA structures, including the transcription and translation processes. Explore how proteins are made from DNA instructions using different types of RNA.

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DNA Structure and Replication: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. DNA Structure pg: 109

  2. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – holds ALL the instructions for making proteins

  3. Nucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of: • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogenous base

  4. Draw and label a nucleotide:

  5. There are 4 different nitrogenous bases: • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)

  6. Adenine Thymine

  7. Guanine Cytosine

  8. Chargaff’s Rule – amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine

  9. The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the kind of protein made. • ATE and EAT – same letters, different meaning

  10. Adenine Guanine Purines (2 rings)

  11. Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidines (1 ring)

  12. Who’s Who • In the 1950s, James Watson and Francis Crickwere the first to describe the shape of DNA

  13. Rosalind Franklin should also receive credit – without her work, they would not have been able to finish

  14. Shape • DNA has 2 strands • DNA is long so to save space it twists itself into a shape called a double helix

  15. If you flatten DNA it looks like a ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating phosphates and sugars.

  16. Review • A bonds with • G bonds with • T bonds with • C bonds with T C A G

  17. Prymidines

  18. Purines

  19. Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) Nitrogen bases

  20. Structure Nitrogen Bases Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar)

  21. Phosphate Base Sugar

  22. Replication of DNA • DNA Replication – copying DNA to make identical copies • one will be passed along to the new cells during mitosis/meiosis

  23. BONDS Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine SIDES Phosphate + Sugar

  24. What is the full name for DNA? • What do we call the shape of DNA? • Who first discovered the shape of DNA? • What type of sugar is found in DNA? • What 2 substances make up the sides of DNA? • A phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a sugar make a: • Where in the cell is DNA found? • DNA makes ________ for the body. • What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? • What does adenine pair with?

  25. DNA Replication Pg: 44

  26. Steps of Replication • An enzyme breaks the bonds holding the two strands together • That enzyme continues down the DNA strand “unzipping” it

  27. Steps of Replication 2. New nucleotides fly in and connect with the open nucleotides • Now there are 2 duplicate DNA strands!

  28. Reading DNA Replication 1.TGGCAATG • ACCGTTAC • 2.GTATGCCA • CATACGGT • 3.AATGCCGT • TTACGGCA • 4.CCCATGAC • GGGTACTG

  29. RNA Structures pg: 53

  30. DNA Replication Review 1.ATGGCT • TACCGA • 2.GCAGTT • CGTCAA • 3.TCGAGA • AGCTCT • 4.TTCCGA • AAGGCT

  31. RNA • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – translates DNA genetic code into the actual proteins for the cell

  32. RNA • Has single strand • Ribose sugar • NO Thymine, Uracil instead

  33. Comparison DNA RNA Single Strand Ribose sugar Has NO thymine, uses Uracil instead • Double Strand • Deoxyribose sugar • Has thymine

  34. RNA Transcription • DNA ex ATGGCT • Transcription • UACCGA • 1. GCAGTT • DNA • CGUCAA • Transcription • 2. AATGCC • DNA • UUACGG • Transcription • 3. TTGCAG • DNA • AACGUC • Transcription

  35. Protein is what the cell makes! • Amino acid – building blocks of protein

  36. 3 types of RNA: • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – brings instructions from the DNA • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – takes amino acids to rRNA • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – puts amino acids in the right order to make protein

  37. Step 1 Step 1: Make RNA • Transcription – enzymes use 1 strand of DNA to make an RNA strand (instead of Thymine, uses Uracil)

  38. Step 2 Step 2: Translation – making protein • Codon– 3 letters on the mRNA that code for a protein • Anticodon – a tRNA that matches the codon, carries an amino acid

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