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Metaphor and Metonymy

Metaphor and Metonymy. Literal vs. figurative language. The traditional position, both in philosophy and in linguistics “…while literal language is precise and lucid, figurative language is imprecise, and is largely the domain of poets and novelists.” (ibid.: 287). Literal as ordinary?.

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Metaphor and Metonymy

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  1. Metaphor and Metonymy

  2. Literal vs. figurative language The traditional position, both in philosophy and in linguistics “…while literal language is precise and lucid, figurative language is imprecise, and is largely the domain of poets and novelists.” (ibid.: 287)

  3. Literal as ordinary? • Things are going smoothly in the operating theatre. • He was in a state of shock after the election result. • The economy is going frombad to worse.

  4. Gibbs (1994) • found no evidence for a principled distinction between literal and figurative language

  5. What is metaphor? • For over 2,000 years, metaphor was studied within the discipline known as rhetoric. • Metaphor has been identified since the time of Aristotle with implicit comparison. Taro is as brave as a lion. 「先生は鬼だね」（類似性に基づく比ゆ）

  6. Conceptual Metaphor Theory • “This framework was first proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their 1980 book Metaphors We Live By.”(Evans and Green 2007: 286)

  7. Look how far we’ve come. • We’re at a crossroads. • We’ll just have to go our separate ways. • We can’t turn back now. • I don’t think this relationship is going anywhere. • We’re stuck.

  8. Metaphor system as a system of thought • Conceptual metaphor: LOVE IS A JOURNEY “…conceptual metaphors are grounded in the nature of our everyday interaction with the world.” (ibid.: 295)

  9. TRAVELLERS > LOVERS VEHICLE > LOVE RELATIONSHIP DISTANCE COVERED > PROGRESS MADE OBSTACLES ENCOUNTERED > DIFFICULTIES DECISIONS ABOUT DIRECTION > CHOICES

  10. The unidirectionality of metaphor • on the basis of our experience

  11. Metaphorical entailmenes (=rich inference) • AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY • We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion. • We have covered a lot of ground.

  12. I got lost in the arguments. • We digressed from the main point. • He failed to reach the conclusion. • I couldn’t follow the argument.

  13. HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN • I’m feeling up. • I’m feeling down. • 有頂天になる。 • 気分はどん底だ。

  14. GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN • Things are looking up. • He does high-quality work. • 天気は下り坂です。 • 品質向上

  15. TIME IS A MOVING OBJUECT The time will come when..

  16. THE FUTURE IS IN FRONT; THE PAST IS BEHIND • In the weeks ahead of us… • That’s all behind us now.

  17. THE FUTURE IS BEHIND; THE PAST IS IN FRONT • In the following weeks…（未来） • In the preceding weeks…（過去）

  18. 「先」「前」「後」 • 先のことを考えよう。（未来） • 先だってはお世話になった。（過去） • 前途洋々　（未来） • 今から２週間前（過去） • 今から２時間後に（未来）

  19. Metonymy • “Like metaphor, metonymy has traditionally been analyzed as … a purely linguistic device. However, Lakoff and Johnson argued that metonymy, like metaphor, was conceptual in nature.” (ibid.:311)

  20. The ham sandwich has gone.

  21. PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT He’s got a Picasso in his den.

  22. OBJECT USED FOR USER We need a better glove at third base.

  23. メトニミーの非対称性 • ＊今度、「認知意味論」の講演会がある。 • ＊就職先の第一希望はウォークマンです。 • *the book’s John (John’s book) • *the leg’s John (John’s leg) • *the mother’s John (John’s mother)

  24. Langacker (1993) • human > non-human • whole > part • concrete > abstract • visible >invisible

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