1. Chapter 4 Socialization

2. Chapter Outline • The Socialization Process • Theories of Socialization • Agents of Socialization • Growing up in a Diverse Society • Socialization Across the Life Course • Resocialization

3. The Socialization Process • Humans learn the expectations of society through the process of socialization. • Socialization is different based on race, gender and class. • Examining the socialization process helps us see how our lives are socially constructed.

4. Consequences of Socialization • Establishes self-concepts. • Creates the capacity for role taking. • Creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways. • Makes people bearers of culture.

5. Psychoanalytic Theory of Socialization • The unconscious mind shapes human behavior. • Depicts the human psyche in three parts: • Id - deep drives and impulses • Ego - reason and common sense • Superego - represents the standards of society

6. Object Relations Theory of Socialization • Infants identify with they same sex parent. • The self emerges from separating oneself from the primary caretaker. • The division of labor in a family shapes the formation of identity.

7. Social Learning Theory of Socialization • People respond to social stimuli in their environment. • Identity is created through the interaction of mental and social worlds. • Children learn though taking the role of significant others. • Identity emerges as the creative self interacts with the social expectations of others.

8. Piaget: Social Learning Theory Children go through stages of cognitive development: • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete operational • Formal operational .

9. The Looking-glass Self Self concept comes though reflection about relationships to others. • How we think we appear to others. • How we think others judge us. • How these make us feel - proud, embarrassed or something else.

10. Mead: Taking the Role of the Other • Imitation stage - children imitate the behavior of those around them. • Play stage - children take on the role of significant others. • Game stage - children internalize an abstract understanding of how society sees them.

11. Socialization Across the Life Cycle • Childhood - establish one’s initial identity and values. • Adolescence - form a consistent identity. • Adulthood and Old Age - learn new roles and expectations in adult life.

12. Resocialization • Occurs when people enter hierarchical organizations that require them to respond to authority on principal, rather than loyalty. • Examples: military, prison, monastic orders, cults, fraternities and sororities