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The American Revolution

The American Revolution. The Revolution as Civil War. Tories vs Whigs; Loyalists “Tories” a sizeable percentage at 1776 Many American colonists were recent British immigrants 20,000 Americans joined British forces to fight against independence

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The American Revolution

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  1. The American Revolution

  2. The Revolution as Civil War • Tories vs Whigs; Loyalists “Tories” a sizeable percentage at 1776 • Many American colonists were recent British immigrants • 20,000 Americans joined British forces to fight against independence • Revolution created philosophical argument: after independence, united or separate states?

  3. 1775-6 Pre-Indepence U.S. Success • Early pre-independence American victories gave Americans hope: Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill • General Knox returned from Fort Ticonderoga with cannons, sledded over snow and rivers • March 1776: Washington, using cannons, drove British fleet from Boston • Declaration of Independence changed rebellion into revolution, but English dominated the war

  4. 1776-1777 Middle Phase: British Domination • British fleet gathered around Manhattan, seized New York, forcing Washington to hasty retreat • English victories demonstrated superior training and tactics • English brought thousands of hired German mercenaries (Hessians) • Washington retreated into Pennsylvania: deserting men, poor officers, little supplies or equipment Washington Crossing the Delaware

  5. 1777 American Victories Turn Tide in North • 1777 American victories showed difficulty of English task and attracted allies • Trenton and Princeton gave Americans hope and interested France • 1777: Saratoga proved American chances • 1778: French declared war, bringing Spain and Holland against England • Entrance of European allies tipped balance and promised future relations Washington Crossing the Delaware Burgoyne surrenders sword to Americans at Saratoga

  6. 1778-1781 English Southern Srategy • English turned attention south: • More loyalists • Attempt to attract freed slaves to loyalist cause • Defeated Americans (Gen. Gates) at Camden • 1781: Yorktown. Cornwallis surrendered English army Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

  7. Treaty of Paris: 1783 • John Adams, Franklin, John Jay represented US at Paris • England recognized independent US; US received land west to Mississippi • Spain regained Florida: border dispute with US until 1795 • US to repay loyalists for property loss, but this didn’t happen Painting by Benjamin West of Treaty of Paris, showing John Jay, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin

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