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This summary explores the conditions that led to the rise of authoritarian regimes in Europe following World War I, highlighting how the Treaty of Versailles contributed to economic turmoil and the emergence of fascist leaders like Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. It examines the United States' isolationist stance in the 1930s as a response to financial grievances and the influence of arms manufacturers during World War I. The narrative details the contrasting internationalism advocated by President Roosevelt and the isolationist sentiments prominent in American society.
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Learning Targets • Describe how post World War I conditions contributed to the rise of antidemocratic governments in Europe • Explain why many Americans supported a policy of isolationism in the 1930’s
World War II • More than 100 million military personnel involved • Deadliest conflict in history; 50 to 70 million killed • Total War, participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort • 1939-1945 • Only use of atomic weapons in combat
Roots of WW II • The causes of WWII stem from the end of WWI, specifically the Treaty of Versailles • Germany is solely responsible • German army is limited to 100,000 men • Advanced weapons are restricted or prohibited • Loss of Territory • Must pay reparations • 132 billion Marks ($385 billion today)
Europe Between the Wars • Benito Mussolini took over Italy in 1922 • Led Italy’s Fascist Party • Fascism is a kind of aggressive nationalism, and is strongly anti-communist • Joseph Stalin Took over the USSR in 1926 after Vladimir Lenin died. • Stalin tried to modernize the economy • He was paranoid of anyone who might overthrow him • Killed millions during the Great Purge in the 1930’s
Adolph Hitler • Joined German Workers Party in 1919. Later renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) • Quickly rose to power, good at giving speeches • Appealed to German nationalism, blamed WWI loss on Jews • Used a private army called the SA (storm troopers or brownshirts) to attack political foes Hitler & Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA
The Rise To Power…1923-1933 • Led the Beer Hall Putsch (coup) in 1923 but failed and was sent to jail • In jail he wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle) in which he laid out his plans; including ridding Europe of Jews and creating more Lebensraum (living space) for Germans • After jail, he focused more on politics • The Nazi party slowly gained power in the Reichstag (German Parliament) • The Nazi party was aided when the Great Depression occurred and by the weak central government
Rise to Power • In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany • He quickly moved to give himself dictatorial powers and declared himself Führer(leader) in 1934 • He then set out to rearm Germany, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles
The Road To War: Japan • Japan needed raw materials to supply its growing economy • In 1931, the Japanese army invaded Manchuria and threw out the Chinese. • The Japanese felt that acquiring resource-rich territories would establish economic self-sufficiency and independence
The US Turns Inward • The US pursued a policy of neutrality & isolationism • Isolationist ideas became popular for two reasons: • Many European nations who owed money to the US for WWI said they wouldn’t pay • The Nye Committee showed that arms manufacturers made huge profits during WWI, prompting many to believe that they tricked the US into the war • The isolationist faction was led by Charles Lindbergh and the American First Committee
Roosevelt & Internationalism • Roosevelt supported internationalism, the idea that trade between nations created prosperity and helps prevent war • When Japan invaded China in 1937, Roosevelt authorized arms sales to China • The Neutrality Acts of 1935 & 1937 made it illegal to sell arms to a country at war • Roosevelt believed that the Act did not apply because neither country declared war
