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Earth's Layers and Plate Tectonics: A Detailed Overview

Dive into the fascinating world of plate tectonics and the Earth's layers. Discover how the Earth's rocky outer crust, mantle, and core interact, and learn about key concepts such as continental drift, sea-floor spreading, and plate boundaries.

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Earth's Layers and Plate Tectonics: A Detailed Overview

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  1. Plate Tectonics

  2. Earth’s Layers The Earth's rocky outer crust solidified billions of years ago, soon after the Earth formed. This crust is not a solid shell; it is broken up into huge, thick plates that drift atop the soft, underlying mantle.

  3. The Crust • Outermost layer • 5 – 100 km thick • Made of O, Si, Al and Mg

  4. The Mantle • Layer of Earth between the crust and the core • Contains most of the Earth’s mass • Has more Mg and less Al and Si than the crust • Is more dense than the crust

  5. The Core • The center of the Earth • Believed to be mostly Fe and Ni, almost no O, Si, Al, or Mg

  6. Tectonic Plates

  7. Plate Tectonics • Greek – “tektonikos” of a builder • Pieces of the lithosphere that move around • Each plate has a name • Fit together like jigsaw puzzles • Float on top of mantle similar to ice cubes in a bowl of water

  8. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener 1900’s Continents were once a single land mass called Pangea that split and drifted apart. Fossils of the same plants and animals are found on different continents Split again – Laurasia & Gondwana 180 million years ago http://members.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Continents.shtml

  9. Evidence of Pangea

  10. Sea Floor Spreading

  11. Sea Floor Spreading • Mid Ocean Ridges – underwater mountain chains that run through the Earth’s Basins • Magma rises to the surface and solidifies and forms new crust • Older Crust is pushed farther away from the ridge

  12. How Plates Move http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/unanswered.html

  13. Different Types of Boundaries http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html

  14. Divergent Boundary -Arabian and African Plates Arabian Plate Red Sea African Plate

  15. Divergent Boundary – Iceland http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html

  16. Divergent Boundary - Oceanic http://www.geology.com

  17. Divergent Boundary - Continental http://www.geology.com

  18. Convergent Boundary – Indian and Eurasian Plates Eurasian Plate Indian Plate

  19. Convergent Boundary – Oceanic & Continental http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html & http://www.geology.com

  20. Convergent Boundary – Oceanic & Oceanic Note – plates are reversed http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html & http://www.geology.com

  21. Convergent Boundaries - Continental http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html & http://www.geology.com

  22. Transform Boundary – San Andreas Fault www.geology.com

  23. Review • Name the 3 main layers of the Earth • What is a tectonic plate? • What was Pangea? • What is Sea-Floor spreading? • Name the three different types of plate boundaries and one location on Earth for each one

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