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Chapter 21: Economics, Policy and the Future

Chapter 21: Economics, Policy and the Future. P532-548. Key Terms:. Sustainability Economics Environmental Impact Statement Lobbying. Objectives. Describe some of the challenges to achieving sustainability

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Chapter 21: Economics, Policy and the Future

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  1. Chapter 21: Economics, Policy and the Future P532-548

  2. Key Terms: • Sustainability • Economics • Environmental Impact Statement • Lobbying

  3. Objectives • Describe some of the challenges to achieving sustainability • Describe several major international meetings and agreements relating to the environment • Explain how economics and environmental science are related • Compare two ways that governments influence economics • Give an example of private effort to address environmental problems

  4. Economics and International Cooperation • More than 6 billion people living on earth • Today we have longer life expectancies • Many disagree how humans are impacting the earth today? And how we should fix them? • Will we run out of resources ? • Is the present human condition sustainable? • (the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that human populations can survive indefinitely) • Economics and politics and ES all work together

  5. International Development and Cooperation • Globalization- environmental and social conditions are linked across political borders worldwide. • People cross boarder to find better way of life • We need world wide efforts • Debate who is responsible – want a common goal

  6. Sustainable Development • The World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1948 • Un Conference on Human Environments, Stockholm, 1972 • UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED or Earth Summit) 1992 • World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002

  7. Climate and Atmosphere • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1988 • Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 • Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/ • Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change 1997 (US did not sign) (cost out weighed the benefit)

  8. Other Agreements • Antarctic Treaty and Convention 1959 • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, 1978 • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)1973 • Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) 1979 • Law of the Sea 1982 • Basel Convention 1989 • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 • Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) 1994 • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000 • UN Forum on Forests (UNFF) 2001

  9. Economics and the Environment • Economics- study of the choices people make as they use and distribute limited resources • Markets- money and products flow in cycles • Economic growth- when you have an increase in that flow • Economics can draw resources from the environment and return waste or cause damage to ecosystem (Market Failures) • Ocean are free- Whaling (Whale Wars)

  10. Regulation and Economic Incentives • Fines and jail time • Economic incentives (tax cuts for energy efficient products)

  11. Private Efforts • Donate land for parks, money to causes • Conducting research/ environmental management • Nature Conservancy- nonprofit organization to help preserve ecosystems

  12. 21.2 Environmental Policies in the US • Describe 2 major developments in US environmental history • Give examples of 3 federal agencies that have environmental responsibilities • Explain the purpose of Environmental Impact Statements • Give an example of how citizens can affect environmental policy at each level of government- local, state, and national • Evaluate the media as a source of information about the environment

  13. History of US Environmental Policy • 1800’s – Hunters and Gathers; turn prairies into croplands; cut down forest; hunt animals to extinction • 1900’s Roosevelt and Muir- increased protection and management of nation’s resources- national parks and forests established

  14. Environmental Agencies and Laws • 1930’s- poor farming- soil erosion and crop disasters leads to poverty • Better waste disposal • Fist earth day celebrated around the world 1970 and EPA was also created

  15. US Federal Agencies and Environmental Responsibilities • Environmental Protection Agency • Department of Interior • US Fish and Wildlife Service • Bureau of Land Management • National Parks Service • Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement • Department of Agriculture • Department of Commerce • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • National Marine Fisheries Service • Nuclear Regulatory Commission • Department of Energy

  16. Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) • Government agencies are required to file for any proposed project or policy that would have a significant effect on the environment (dams, highways, airports) • State the impact on environment and if any negative impact can be minimized- the public can attempt to speak against

  17. Unfunded Mandated and Economic Impacts • 1995, Congress passed a low to prevent unfunded mandates, which are federal regulations that do not provide funds for state or local governments to implement the regulations • Government must provide funding for any new law that would cost more that 50 million to implement • Can no longer pass laws that require local communities to conduct their own tests

  18. Influencing Environmental Policy • Local governments- citizens, City councils • State Governments • Lobbying- organized attempt to influence the decision of lawmakers (political donations) • Media and Source on Information (not always accurate)

  19. 21.3 The importance of the individual • Give examples of individuals who have influenced environmental history • Identify ways in which the choices that you make as an individual may affect the environment

  20. Influential Individuals • Thoreau-(1817-1862)- Walden Pond • Muir (1838- 1914) Sierra Club • Roosevelt (1858- 1919) first president to support conservation, funded forest service expanded national forests 400% and first National Monuments • Hamilton (1869-1970) disease by working with chemicals (lead and gasoline) • Carson (1907- 1964) Silent Springs, pesticides

  21. Continued: • Ehrlich- Population Bomb • Goodall (1934-) Chimpanzees • Cousteau (1910- 1997) undersea explorations • Hardin (1915-2003) The Tragedy of the Commons

  22. Applying Your Knowledge • Voting • Weighing the Evidence • Consumer Choices (Reduce, reuse, Recycle)

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