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Understanding Boreal Lands: Climate, Vegetation, and Sustainability in Cold Regions

This chapter explores the boreal climate, characterized by its cold temperatures and coniferous forests. The boreal zone, located between 50° and 66.5° N latitude, features harsh winters with temperatures sometimes dropping to -29°C and mild summers reaching up to 16°C. It is home to significant natural vegetation, primarily composed of evergreen trees like spruce, fir, and pine. Sustainability practices, such as the Swedish guideline of planting two trees for every one cut, are crucial for conserving these vital forests, which contain one-third of the world's trees.

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Understanding Boreal Lands: Climate, Vegetation, and Sustainability in Cold Regions

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  1. Chapter 20 Cold climates: Focus on Boreal lands

  2. Introduction to the Boreal Climate • Two types of cold climate are: • Tundra climate – coldest (furthest from equator) • Boreal climate ‘Boreal’ means ‘northern’ Tundra climate is in Arctic Circle Boreal climate is between 50-66.5 N. January: very cold, temperatures down -29C in places Short, warm summers up to 16C Less than 400mm of rain per year

  3. Natural Vegetation • There are many coniferous forests of: • Spruce trees • Pine trees • Fir trees Fir Trees Pine trees Spruce Trees

  4. Most conifers are evergreen • Slender shape offers little resistance to the wind which prevents damages from storms • Thick bark keeps moisture in and stops wind and cold from getting into the trees. • Thin needles don’t wither in the wind. • The branches slope towards the ground to allow the snow to fall off. • Shallow roots develop in the thin layers of soil. • Sustainable logging is extremely important. • Rule: Cut one, plant two trees (as said by Swedish Government)

  5. Taiga 1/3 of the worlds trees

  6. Chapter Summary Main details from this chapter include: Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Norway and Sweden are the Boreal lands of the world. They are located in the northern hemisphere between 50-=66.5 (north of the equator). There are two types: Tundra Boreal The climate type : Cool temperate Climate Cold winters: -29C (high latitudes) Summers: 16C in July Precipitation: 400mm per year Natural vegetation: coniferous trees (spruce, fir, pine). Vegetation adapts by: Shape, bark, needles, shallow roots and sloping branches ‘Taiga’ = forests of the Boreal area 1/3 of the worlds trees).

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