Chapter 9 and 10

1. Chapter 9 and 10 DNA: Genetic Material How Proteins are made

2. James Watson and Francis Crick • 1950’s • Used past experiments done by other scientists • Discovered the structure of DNA

3. Characteristics of DNA • Double Helix (twisted staircase)

4. Nucleotides – make up DNA • Subunits • Contain 3 parts: • A phosphate • A sugar- Deoxyribose • Nitrogen base • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Thiamine (T) • Cytosine (C)

5. Nucleotide Pairing • http://www.phsuccessnet.com/iText/products/0-13-115075-8/index.html • Adenine pairs with thymine • Guanine pairs with cytosine

6. 9-3 Replication of DNA • Occurs during what phase of cell cycle? • Steps: • 2 original DNA stands unzip • Free nucleotides in nucleus are added to each strand • Two identical molecules of DNA are formed.

7. 1. DNA unzips

8. Animation of DNA replication

9. Chapter 10: Making Proteins • What is RNA? • It is a copy of DNA • RNA is used to build proteins • Single stranded • No tymine

10. RNA nucleotides • Ribonucleic Acid • 3 parts: • Sugar: ribose • Single stranded • Nitrogen bases: • Adenine • URACIL • Cytosine • guanine

11. RNA pairings • Adenine pairs with Uracil • Cytosine pairs with Guanine

12. Types of RNA • mRNA – messenger RNA • Made in nucleus, strand shape

13. tRNA – transfer RNA • Found outside nucleus • Carries an amino acid

14. The cell’s alive, it will survive Transcription and translation are how proteins are synthesized Translation

15. Step 1 of Protein synthesis • Transcription – construction of mRNA • DNA strands separate a site of needed protein code. • RNA nucleotides are added to DNA. DNA acts as a template. • mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to the ribosome

16. Illustration of Transcription Biology: Exploring Life

17. Step 2: Translation • At the ribosome: mRNA is read in groups of 3. • Codon – Group of 3 bases

18. Translation continued • mRNA is read and interpreted • tRNA receives a message to come to the mRNA at ribosome • tRNA carries an amino acid • (anticodon)

19. Translation • This continues until the mRNA is read completely • tRNA attaches to mRNA to attach the amino acid to the protein chain • tRNA them detaches leaving behind its amino acid. • Amino acid will form a protein.

20. Animation of translation

21. Mutations • Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information • Result from changes in a SINGLE gene (not chromosome abnormality)

22. Types of Gene mutations • 1. point mutation • One nucleotide affected • Examples: • Substitution • Original - The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Point Mutation - The fat hat ate the wee rat.

23. Insert example diseases

24. Types of Mutations • 2. Frameshift mutations – one or more bases are inserted or deleted • More severe type of mutation Insertion: • Original- The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Insertion - The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat. Deletion: • The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Deletion - The fat ate the wee rat.

25. Human Genome Project (Collins) • A list of the three billion pairs of human genome (DNA) • An international effort • Completed by the July of 2000 – “working draft” • Great implications in the field of medicine. (Cancer, Immune Disorders, Hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis)

26. DNA Technology (Science) • Recombinant DNA technology – combining genes from two different organisms to make copies of “good” gene.

27. Steps of Recombinant DNA • Cutting DNA using a RESTRICTION ENZYME

28. 2. Inserting the desired gene into a vector • Vector – a bacteria (plasmid) or yeast

29. 3. Cloning of “new DNA”

30. Applications of Recombinant DNA • Agriculture – frost resistant strawberries • Industry – clean up oil spills • Medicine • Food industry – nutrasweet

31. DNA fingerprinting • Useful in forensic science • Useful in medicine

32. Future of medicine • predictive genetic tests for common conditions i.e. cancer • 2020, every tumor will undergo “fingerprinting”, develop drugs to attack the particular gene.

33. Cloning process ex. Dolly

34. The process of making Dolly