The Sudan

1. The Sudan Independence in 1956 Civil War for 80% of the time since then Numerous Border issues and conflicts Tribal, Religious and Ethnic tensions Oil Terrorism Literacy (1995): (definition: age 15 and over can read and write) total population: 46.1% male: 57.7% female: 34.6% Pop: Approx 36 million people Currently 2 million IDPs Approx same # of refugees 200,000 slaves taken to the north 2 million+ killed in conflict Life Expectancy: 56 yrs Ethnic groups: African 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum) Languages: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English

2. UNCLAS Hal’ib Triangle Oil Fields Line 1-1-56 Line 1-1-56 Nerni Triangle PDF Free Lions GoS UMMA LRA JEM SSLM/A Beja Congress SLM/MM UPDF NDA SLA Janjaweed NRF SPLM/A SPDF SLM DUP GNU SSDF

3. Area of Operations • South Sudan • Southern States • Transition States • Darfur • Khartoum

4. UNMIS 40 Nations Unified Mission 11,000 Troops & UNMOs 785 Police 2700 Civilian Staff

5. UNMIS Mandate a) To support implementation of the CPA by performing the following tasks: (i) To support implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and to investigate violations; (ii) To liaise with bilateral donors on the formation of Joint Integrated Units; (iii) To observe and monitor movement of armed groups and redeployment of forces in the areas of UNMIS deployment in accordance with the Ceasefire Agreement; (iv) To assist in the establishment of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme as called for in the CPA, with particular attention to the special needs of women and child combatants, and its implementation through voluntary disarmament and weapons collection and destruction; (v) To assist the parties to the CPA in promoting understanding of the peace process and the role of UNMIS by means of an effective public information campaign, targeted at all sectors of society; (vi) To assist the parties to the CPA, in addressing the need for a national inclusive approach, including the role of women, towards reconciliation and peace building; (vii) To assist the parties to the CPA, in coordination with bilateral and multilateral assistance programmes, in restructuring the police service in Sudan, consistent with democratic policing, to develop a police training and evaluation programme, and to otherwise assist in the training of civilian police; (viii) To assist the parties to the CPA in promoting the rule of law, including an independent judiciary, and the protection of human rights of all people of Sudan through a comprehensive and coordinated strategy with the aim of combating impunity and contributing to long-term peace and stability and to assist the parties to the CPA to develop and consolidate the national legal framework; (ix) To ensure an adequate human rights presence, capacity, and expertise within UNMIS to carry out human rights promotion, civilian protection, and monitoring activities; (x) To provide guidance and technical assistance to the parties to the CPA, in cooperation with other international actors, to support the preparations for and conduct of elections and referenda provided for by the CPA; (b) To facilitate and coordinate, within its capabilities and in its areas of deployment, the voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and humanitarian assistance, inter alia, by helping to establish the necessary security conditions; (c) To assist the parties to the CPA in cooperation with other international partners in the mine action sector, by providing demining assistance, technical advice, and coordination; (d) To contribute towards international efforts to protect and promote human rights in Sudan, as well as to coordinate international efforts towards the protection of civilians with particular attention to vulnerable groups including internally displaced persons, returning refugees, and women and children, within UNMIS’ capabilities and in close cooperation with other UN agencies, related organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Mission Mandate: Security Council Resolution 1590 By its resolution 1590 the Security Council expressed its determination to help the people of Sudan to promote national reconciliation, lasting peace and stability, and to build a prosperous and united Sudan in which human rights are respected , and the protection of all citizens assured. In resolution 1590 the Security Council decided that the mandate of UNMIS would be as follows:

6. UNMIS Mandate South Sudan & Khartoum: • support the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA); • facilitate & coordinate: the voluntary return of refugees and IDPs, and humanitarian assistance by helping to establish the necessary security conditions; • assist the parties to the CPA in cooperation with other international partners in the mine action sector, by providing de-mining assistance, technical advice, and coordination; and • to contribute towards international efforts to protect and promote human rights in Sudan. Darfur: • Implement the Light Support Package, be prepared to deploy a Heavy Support Package or Hybrid Mission on order

7. Factors Affecting UN Operations include… • Wet Season / Movements Season • SOFA, OAGs & GoS Interference • Office of the SRSG • Force Protection, Terrorist Threats & Training camps • Anti-UN propaganda campaign by GoS • Effective DDR process • Media/Political/Donor Obsession with Darfur • Presence of LRA and OAGs in the South, West and East, as well as UPDF in the south • Landmines/UXO, LRA incursions, criminal activity • Lack of Success of UN agencies in “Expectations Management” • Integrated = Infighting