GREECE

1. GREECE

2. Mediterranean Empire Mountainous terrain, Coastal plains Isolated and Protected Mild climate with rainy winters Sea trade was the prevalent occupation Background Information

3. The Geography of Greece

4. Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

5. Bronze Age Greece

6. Crete: Minoan Civilization(Palace at Knossos)

7. Located on Crete A.D. 1900: Sir Arthur Evans unearthed “Minoan” remains King Minos’ palace was discovered Hallways formed a labyrinth (maze) Minoan information: Minoan women had a higher status than others Minoans earned a living from the sea By 2000 B.C. – controlled the Eastern Med. Sea Civilization peaked @ 1600 B.C. Destroyed by tidal waves or the Mycenaeans

8. Knossos: Minoan Civilization

9. Minoan Civilization

10. The Mycenaean Civilization

11. Originated in C. Asia – moved @ 2000 B.C Intermarried with the Hellenes Built hilltop fortresses surrounded by walls Served as administrative and business centers Minoans began to trade with the Mycenaeans Resulted in cultural diffusion 1450s B.C. – conquered the Minoans 1100s B.C. – turmoil led to self-destruction Invaded by the Dorian's (the “Dark Ages”) Thousands fled to Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor)

12. Homer: The “Heroic Age”

13. 750 B.C. – Ionians reintroduced culture, crafts, and skills (Phoenician alphabet) The new civilization flourished between 750-300 B.C. Bards (story-tellers) kept culture alive The Greeks began to record epic poems that had been passed down by bards The Odyssey and Iliad: taught in Greek schools Be proud of Greek heritage A love of nature Importance of husband-wife relationship Meet fate with dignity A New Start for Hellenic Greece

14. The Mask of Agamemnon

15. "Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

16. Descendants of the Mycenaeans (Attica) Named in honor of Athena Forced to reform government in (600s B.C.) Metics – non-enslaved foreigners in Athens Expanded citizenship to include more men 507 B.C – constitution stated that all free Athenian-born men were citizens Athenian Education: Citizens educated their sons (Odyssey/Iliad) Studied Math, Art, Music, Gymnastics Served in the military for 2 years (age 18) Athens

17. Draco: 612 B.C.: Issued a code of harsh laws (draconian) Solon: Cancelled land debts Extended citizenship to foreign artisans Peisistratus: Divided estates among landless Cleisthenes: Est. a democracy for Athens The Assembly increased its’ power Ostracism was established Early Athenian Lawgivers

18. Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

19. Persian Wars: Famous Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • 26 miles from Athens • Surprise attack • 6400 Persians died to 190 Greeks • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass • led by Leonidas • Salamis (480 BCE) • Athenian navy victorious

20. Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

21. 461-429 B.C: art/science achievements Led by Pericles – rebuilt Athens Built the Parthenon as a temple to Athena Athenian Daily Life: Public buildings were lavish Men worked in the morning – afternoon activities Exercise, the Assembly, Symposiums Athenian Women Stayed close to the home – few privileges Aspasia, a metic, gave advice to women Was prosecuted for impiety (disloyalty to the gods)

22. Great Athenian Philosophers • Socrates • Know thyself! • question everything (absolute truth) • only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. • Plato • The Academy • The Republic philosopher-king

23. Great Athenian Philosophers • Aristotle • The Lyceum • “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. • Logic. • Scientific method.

24. Athens: The Arts & Sciences • DRAMA (tragedians): • Aeschylus - Oresteia • Sophocles – Oedipus Rex • Euripides – Trojan Women • THE SCIENCES: • Pythagoras a² + b² = c² • Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. • Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

25. Herodotus: “The Father of History” Used the Persian Wars as his subject Recorded his discoveries in Historia Offered supernatural explanations Wrote about outstanding individuals/events Thucydides: first scientific historian Wrote about the Peloponnesian War Was as accurate and impartial as possible Visited battle sites; firsthand accounts Believed future generations could learn from the past Athens: Greek Historians

26. SPARTA

27. Descendents of the Dorians (Peloponnesus) Invaded neighboring city-states Helots(slaves) were acquired through invasion Perioecis worked for the Spartans Combined the helots/perioecis outnumbered the Spartans 20:1 650 B.C. – helots revolted against their masters Military Society: only way to maintain power Life revolved around the military Newborns were examined by officials Began military training at the age of 7

28. Spartan Women: Wanted women to be healthy and strong Married later than other Greek women Had more freedoms than other women Spartan Government Set up by Lycurgus in the 800s B.C. Two kings ruled jointly; an Assembly passed laws Results of Militarism: Maintained control for 250 years Lagged behind other city-states in economically Were exceptional Olympic athletes Played key roles in defending Greece against invaders and prevented helots from revolt

29. SPARTA Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

30. Polytheistic = more than one god Able to approach gods with dignity Humanized the Gods Jealous of one another Quarreled and played tricks on each other Gods lived on Mt. Olympus Festivals to honor gods (Olympic Games) Gods and Goddesses (over 50 total gods) Mythography | Olympians - Greek Gods and Goddesses in Myth and Art Greek Religion

31. City-state: basic political unit of Hellenic society Typical polis (city-state): City and surrounding fields Acropolis (center of polis) at the top of a hill Agora at the bottom of the hill (public square) Citizens were native born, landholding, freeman Greek women had no political rights Greek Polis

32. Greek colonies and Trade 700 B.C.E. – not enough crop production Colonies were set up in coastal regions (support) Economic Growth: trade throughout the region 600s B.C.E – money system replaced barter system Political and Social Change 700s B.C.E – kings lost power to landholding nobles Aristocrats gave loans to farmers Tyrants took control due to political unrest Seized power; single-handedly ruled After 500 B.C.E city-states became either: Oligarchy (Sparta): ruled by a few wealthy people Democracy (Athens): government by the people

33. The Acropolis Today

34. The Parthenon

35. The Agora

36. Greek Art (emphasized the individual) Murals were painted (nonexistent today) Pottery artifacts (red and black) Scenes from everyday life Sculptors Myron – idealized (Discus Thrower) Phidias – in charge of the Parthenon’s sculptures Praxiteles – after the “Golden Age” Favored life-like opposed to idealized Emphasized grace rather than power

37. The Classical Greek “Ideal”

39. Olympia

40. The Ancient Olympics:Athletes & Trainers

41. The 2004 Olympics

42. Peloponnesian Wars

43. Delian League formed to protect city-states Started by Athens (treasury was at Delos) Athens dominated other city-states The Anti-Athens Alliance – led by Sparta Spartans deal with Persians Return Ionia in exchange for a fleet of warships 430 B.C.E – plague strikes Athens Athenian allies switch sides 404 B.C.E – Athens surrendered to Sparta Effects of the War Decline in population & rise in unemployment 371 B.C.E an alliance led by Thebes overthrew the Spartans 350s B.C.E Greeks were defeated by the Macedonians

44. "Hellenistic" Greece: 334 BCE - 100 BCE

45. Macedonia Under Philip II

46. Alexander the Great

47. Tutored by Aristotle Imperial Goals: Punish Persia for its invasion of Greece Unite Asia and Europe and combine cultures 334 B.C.E – led 35,000 men into Persia Expanded his empire (Asia Minor & Egypt) Was declared a pharaoh Established Alexandria Defeated Darius at Gaugamela Declared himself ruler of the Persian Empire 327 B.C.E – reached the Indus River Was forced by his men to turn back 323 B.C.E – died of malaria

48. Alexander the Great’s Empire

49. The Hellenization of Asia

50. Pergamum: A Hellenistic City