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Learn how to vertically and horizontally shift, reflect, and stretch functions effectively with positive and negative values. Understand the sum, difference, product, and quotient of functions.
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Vertical Shift Up Y=f(x)+c Y=f(x)
Vertical Shift Down Y=f(x) Y=f(x)-c
Horizontal Shift to the Left Y=f(x+c) Y=f(x)
Horizontal Shift to the Right Y=f(x) Y=f(x-c)
Study Tip • We know that positive numbers are to the right of zero on a number line and negative numbers are to the left of zero. This positive-negative orientation does not apply to horizontal shifts. A positive number causes a shift to the left and a negative number causes a shift to the right.
Reflection About the x-Axis Y=f(x) Y=-f(x)
Reflection About the y-Axis Y=f(-x) Y=f(x)
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking Graphs Y=f(x) Y=2f(x) Y=1/2f(x)
Summary of Transformationsc represents a positive real number.
Summary of Transformationsc represents a positive real number.
Summary of Transformationsc represents a positive real number.
Summary of Transformationsc represents a positive real number.
Summary of Transformationsc represents a positive real number.