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Understanding Motion: Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

This guide explores key concepts in motion, including distance, displacement, speed (average and instantaneous), velocity, and acceleration. It provides definitions, examples, and calculations to illustrate these concepts. For instance, a person walking 90 meters east and then 40 meters west has a total walked distance of 130 meters but a displacement of only 50 meters east. The guide emphasizes the distinction between scalar and vector quantities and explains how acceleration, a vector, measures the rate of change of velocity.

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Understanding Motion: Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Motion • Distance • Displacement • Speed: average and instantaneous • Velocity • Acceleration

  2. Distance and Displacement Starting from origin, O a person walks 90-m east, then turns around and walks 40-m west. Q: What is the total walked distance? A: 130-m Q: What is the displacement? A: 50-m, due east.

  3. Speed Average and Instantaneous

  4. Let’s Go to Myrtle Beach

  5. Average Speed Average speed equals the distance traveled divided by the time of travel. Speed is a scalar quantity. Unit of speed: m/s

  6. Instantaneous Speed

  7. Scalars and Vectors Many physical quantities are used in physics, which are divided into scalars and vectors. A scalar quantity is one that can be described by a single number (including any units) giving its size or magnitude. Examples: Time interval, distance, speed, volume, mass, temperature, and density. A quantity that deals inherently with both magnitude and direction is called a vector quantity. Examples: Force, weight, velocity, and displacement.

  8. Scalars and Vectors

  9. Vector Illustration Consider the following displacement vector of a car: The length of the vector arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector and the arrow represents the direction. In the text, bold face is used for vectors and italics is used for scalars. When hand written an arrow is placed above the symbol.

  10. Velocity Velocity is a vector. Velocity = Speed + Direction

  11. Acceleration • Have you experienced acceleration? • Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. • Acceleration is a vector quantity. • Unit of acceleration: m/s2

  12. Acceleration

  13. Acceleration can be Positive or Negative Negative

  14. Can a Car Be Accelerating When Its Speed Is Constant?

  15. Acceleration of a Sports Car • http://www.cars.com/go/crp/buyingGuides/Story.jsp?section=Sports&story=sportsQuickest&subject=stories&referer=&year=2005

  16. Free Fall Acceleration due to gravity affects the velocity of an object as it falls.

  17. Apparent Weightlessness

  18. Space Station http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/tracking/ Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.673 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2Mass of Earth = M = 5.98 x 1024Kg Radius of Earth = R = 6380 km Height of Mt. Everest = 8.85 km

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