Evolution Part 1

1. Evolution Part 1 BIOL 1407

2. Evolution • Heritable genetic change in populations or groups of populations over time • Changes in gene pool

3. Evolution • Also includes populations diverging from one another over time  may lead to new species

4. Mechanisms of Evolution • Genetic Drift • Population Bottlenecks • Founder Effect • Gene Flow • Immigration • Emigration • Mutations • Natural Selection

5. Genetic Drift • Changes in gene pool of populations due to random chance

6. Genetic Drift

7. Genetic Drift Image Credit: UC Museum of Paleontology's Understanding Evolution www.evolution.berkeley.edu

8. Genetic Drift • Genetic drift has a bigger effect on small populations.

9. Bottleneck Effect • Changes in gene pool of populations due to some event  drastically reduces population

10. Bottleneck Effect • Survival is random • Whether an organism survives does not depend on any characteristic (allele)

11. Example of Bottleneck Effect • Population of plants on a mountain side • An avalanche wipes out all but a patch of plants behind the shelter of a large outcrop.

12. Example of Bottleneck Effect • Plants behind the outcrop survived only because they were out of the path of the avalanche. • There was nothing about the plants’ genes that influenced survival.

13. Example of Bottleneck Effect • Surviving population has an allele frequency different from the original population.

14. Bottleneck Effect

15. Bottleneck Effect: Cheetahs • 10,000 years ago, cheetah populations worldwide crashed • Due to climate change • Photo Credit: Courtesy of Smithsonian National Zoo @ nationalzoo.si.edu

16. Cheetahs • Only cheetahs in Africa & Eurasia survived • Location, not genes  Survival • Photo Credit: Kevin Walsh, 2006, Wikimedia Commons

17. Cheetahs • Cheetahs today: Genetically identical • Photo Credit: Lukas Kaffer, 2007, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

18. Bottleneck Effect:Northern Elephant Seals • Once numerous in the northern Pacific. • 1800s: Hunted extensively for blubber • Photo Credit: Michael Baird of bairdphotos.com, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

19. Northern Elephant Seals • Only 100-1000 animals in a Mexican colony survived • Photo Credit: Michael Baird of bairdphotos.com, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

20. Northern Elephant Seals • Today: >100,000 individuals • Very little genetic diversity • Photo Credit: Mila Zinkova, 2008, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

21. Founder Effect • New population established by very small number of individuals (“founders”) • By chance, founder group has a different allele mix than original population

22. Example of Founder Effect • 200 German immigrants founded the Old Order Amish of Pennsylvania • Photo credit: : Matthew Trump, 2004, Wikimedia Commons

23. Old Order Amish • One couple brought allele polydactyly  Six fingers and toes • Photo credit: G. Baujat and M LeMerrer, 2007, Wikimedia Commons

24. Old Order Amish • Inbreeding has  frequency of polydactyly • Click on this link:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/3/l_063_03.html • Photo credit: gadjoboy, 2006, Wikimedia Commons

25. Gene Flow • Movement of alleles between populations • Immigration: movement of alleles into a population • Emigration: movement of alleles out of population

26. Example of Gene Flow • Transfer of pollen from one population of sunflowers into another population of sunflowers • Photo Credit: Sunflower Pollen, Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

27. Example of Gene Flow • Male juvenile Belding’s ground squirrels emigrate from their birthing population to new populations. • 40-70% emigrate as juveniles. Remaining males leave by the end of their first year. • Photo Credit: Courtesy of Yathin at FlickR, http://www.flickr.com/photos/yathin/807378578/in/set-72157600812861150/

28. Mutations • Mutations can add new alleles to a population • Review this BIOL 1406 concept • Photo Credit for black Eastern Fox Squirrel: Jeffrey Pippen, Duke University • Photo Credit for wild-type Eastern Fox Squirrel: Calibas, 2007, Wikimedia Commons

29. Asexual Populations • Mutations are primary source of genetic variation in asexual populations • Photo Credit for E. coli 0157 colonies: Centers for Disease Control, 2005, Wikimedia Commons

30. Natural Selection • Environment determines which genes are passed onto the next generation • Based on which individuals successfully survive and reproduce

31. Natural Selection • Requires: • Genetic Variation • Overproduction of Offspring • Struggle for Existence • Differential Survival and Reproduction

32. View video at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_4.html Photo credit: Dean E. Briggins, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=104263&org=LPA

33. Genetic Variation • Organisms in the population vary in their characteristics • Variations are heritable  Passed from parents to offspring

34. Variation in Snail Shells

35. Flower Variations

36. Natural Selection Flow Chart

37. How Natural Selection Works

38. View “Pocket Mouse and Predation” at http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/animations.html Photo Credit: Cheryl S. Brehme, USGS at http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2006/02/pubs.html

39. View “Pocket Mouse Evolution” at http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/animations.html Photo Credit: J. Harris, American Society of Mammalogy, at: http://www.mammalogy.org/mil_images/images/mid/752.jpgl

40. Artificial Selection • Humans select which genes are passed onto the next generation • Based on characteristics that humans find valuable or desirable

41. View “Dog Breeding” at http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/video.html Photo credit: papillon.cz, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:%21flowers.jpg)

42. View “Breeding Teosinte” at http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/video.html Photo credit: USDA, 2005, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

43. Another Example of Artificial Selection

44. Sexual Selection • Some characteristics influence individual’s chance of mating • Photo Credit: Ian Sewell, 2006, Wikimedia Commons

45. Sexual Selection • Individual may have shorter life but will have better chances of mating and producing offspring • Photo Credit: David Dennis, 2007, Wikimedia Commons

46. Types of Sexual Selection • Mate Competition • One sex competes for access to the other sex • Other sex always “chooses” winner • Mate Choice • One sex chooses mate based on characteristics of other sex

47. Example of Mate Competition • Male bighorn sheep fight for mates • Male with largest horns usually wins • Photo Credit: Alan D. Wilson, naturespicsonline.com, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

48. Video of Bighorn Sheep Fighting:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKmGiSm3-2U Photo Credit: Jon Sullivan, Wikimedia Commons

49. Example of Mate Choice • Peacocks display their tails • Females choose male with showiest tail • Photo credit: Aaron Logan, www.lightmatter.net, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

50. Example of Mate Choice • Large tails decrease survival of peacocks • Natural selection favors small tails • Photo credit: Jörg Hempel, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons