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The Transformation of Rome: From Republic to Empire during the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

Explore the dramatic shift from the Roman Republic to Empire during the Punic Wars, where Rome triumphed over Carthage, gaining control of key territories like Sicily and North Africa. Key figures, including the military genius Hannibal, played pivotal roles as Carthage sought vengeance but ultimately fell. Internal struggles, including civil wars and the rise of Julius Caesar, contributed to the Republic’s decline. The establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus marked a new era, characterized by relative peace, economic growth, and cultural expansion through Hellenism.

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The Transformation of Rome: From Republic to Empire during the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

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  1. From Republic to Empire

  2. Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • Punicius- Latin for “Phoenician” • 1st Punic War- Rome defeats Carthage and controls Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

  3. 2nd Punic War • Carthage sought revenge • Hannibal- Trek across the Alps; won many battles but never captured Rome • Carthage gave up all land outside of Africa

  4. 3rd Punic War • “Carthage must be destroyed” (Cato) • Romans destroy Carthage and control western Mediterranean

  5. Other Conquests • Imperialism- establishing control over foreign lands and peoples • Romans go east to confront Macedonian and Greek rulers • Provinces- Roman provinces were land under Roman rule • Mare Nostrum- “Our Sea”

  6. Social and Economic Effects • Latifundia- huge estates controlled by wealthy families • Transition from agricultural life to city life • Flock to Rome looking for jobs • Greed and self-interest

  7. Attempts at Reform • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Distribute land to poor farmers • Using public funds to feed the poor • Killed by planned riots

  8. Decline of the Republic • Civil wars between Senate and individual political leaders • Slave revolts

  9. Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power • 59 B.C.- Conquered Gaul (France) • Pompey persuades an order of Caesar to disband his army • Veni, Vidi, Vici • Absolute ruler of Rome

  10. Caesar’s Reforms • Public works • Broader Roman citizenship • Julian Calendar

  11. Assassination and Civil Wars • Fear of Caesar making himself king • 44 B.C.- Stabbed in the senate • Mark Antony and Octavian

  12. Roman Empire and Roman Peace • Augustus- “Exalted One” • 500 year old republic had come to an end

  13. A Stable Government • Civil service to enforce laws • Self-government • Census- Population count • Postal service, created jobs for the unemployed • Not a peaceful transfer of power

  14. Bad Emperors and Good Emperors • Caligula and Nero • Hadrian- codified Roman law, Hadrian’s Wall

  15. Pax Romana- “Roman Peace” • Marcus Aurelius- Meditations • 200 year span from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius • Trade from distant lands • Hellenism throughout Roman Empire

  16. Bread and Circuses • Circus Maximus- Chariots, gambling • Gladiator contests • Used to pacify the mobs • Free grain to feed the poor

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