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Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations in Biochemistry

This chapter discusses the relationship between concentration changes, energy transformations, and metabolic reactions in biochemistry. Topics include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and cell signaling mechanisms.

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Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations in Biochemistry

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  1. Chapter 4 Checkpoint Answers

  2. Checkpoint 1 •  In the reaction (H2O + CO2 H2CO3), increasing the concentration of H2O would A. decrease the concentration of H2CO3.*B. increase the concentration of H2CO3.C. increase the concentration of CO2.D. have no effect on either CO2 or H2CO3 concentrations.

  3. Checkpoint 2 1. Energy transformations result in a(n) ______________ in entropy. *A. increase B. decrease C. no change 2. Oxidizing agents accept electrons from molecules undergoing reduction. (T) 3.  A reducing agent donates electrons to a molecule. (T) 4.  Exergonic reactions proceed with the release of energy. (T) 5.  A molecule that gains a hydrogen is also oxidized. (F) 6.  Chemically reduced FAD has __________ extra hydrogen atom(s) bound to it.  A. one *B. two C. three D. no 7.  Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has ______________ two hydrogens. *A. lost B. gained C. shared

  4. Chapter 5 Checkpoint Answers

  5. Checkpoint 1 • 1. ______________ is the opposite of glycogenesis. A. GlycolysisB. Glyconeogenesis*C.GlycogenolysisD. Gluconeogenesis • 2. Glucose formed from amino acids comes from the process of glycogenolysis.  (F) • 3. The Cori cycle involves formation of glucose made by gluconeogenesis in the liver from lactic acid produced by fermentation in skeletal muscles. (T)

  6. Checkpoint 2 • 1. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to glycogen.  (F) • 2. Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______________ molecules. A. glycogen B. lactic acid C. acetyl CoA *D. pyruvic acid • 3. Acetyl CoA and NAD are the end-products of the Krebs Cycle.  (F) • 4. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces A. 2 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH. *B. 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH.C. 3 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 1 NADH. D. 1 FADH2, 3 ATP, and 2 NADH • 5. The actual yield of ATP from 1 glucose is A. 18-20 ATP. B. 36-38 ATP.*C. 30-32 ATP. D. 26-28 ATP.

  7. Checkpoint 3 • 1. Which of the following can undergo metabolic conversion to acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle? A. glucose B. fatty acidsC. protein *D. All of these choices are correct. • 2. The majority of energy within the body is stored as triglycerides. (T) • 3. Acetyl CoA A. can enter the Krebs cycle.B. can reversibly form ketone bodies.C. can directly form pyruvic acid.*D. Both can enter the Krebs cycle and can reversibly form ketone bodies. • 4. How many amino acids are essential for an adult? *A. eight B. nine C. ten D. twelve

  8. Chapter 6 Checkpoint Answers

  9. Checkpoint 1 • 1. The majority of water within the body is found in the *A. intracellular compartment. B. extracellular compartment.C. blood plasma. D. interstitial fluid. • 2. The extracellular matrix is made up of collagen, elastin, and a gel-like ground substance. (T) • 3. Active transport does not require the expenditure of energy.  (F) • 4. Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix are A. lysosomal proteins. B. metallo proteins.C. receptor proteins. *D. integrin proteins.

  10. Checkpoint 2 • 1. Passive transport of water is known as A. filtration. *B. osmosis.C. facilitated diffusion. D. a water pump. • 2. Dialysis uses the process of A. facilitated diffusion. B. primary active transport.*C. simple diffusion. D. secondary active transport. • 3. The rate of diffusion increases as the concentration gradient increases. (T) • 4. What type of intravenous fluid would be given to reduce edema? *A. hypertonic B. isotonic C. hypotonic • 5. Explain the difference between osmolarity and osmolality. (read full explanation in your testbook)

  11. Checkpoint 3 • 1. Protein carrier mediated transport of molecules display A. specificity. B. competition.C. saturation. *D. All of these choices are correct. • 2. Glucose can enter into the cell by facilitated diffusion or countertransport.  (F; fasc. diff or cotransport) • 3. Active transport carriers are also called A. vesicles. B. channels.*C. pumps. D. receptors. • 4. What type of functional complex will prohibit paracellular transport? *A. tight junctions B. adherens junctionsC. desmosomes D. gap junctions • 5. Movement of large molecules into a cell is called A. endocytosis. B. exocytosis.C. bulk transport. *D. Both A and C are correct.

  12. Checkpoint 4 • 1. The charge difference across a membrane produces the membrane potential.  (T) • 2. The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for A. sodium ions. B. chloride ions.C. calcium ions. *D. potassium ions. • 3. Hyperkalemia would ____________ the resting membrane potential of the cell. A. increase * B. decrease C. have no effect on • 4. A change in the concentration of any ion inside or outside the cell will change the resting potential. (T)

  13. Checkpoint 5 • 1. Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules? A. endocrine signaling *B. enzymatic signalingC. paracrine signaling D. synaptic signaling • 2. Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP? *A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.B. It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules.C. It is made from ATP.D. It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect. • 3. Where is the receptor for a nonpolar, lipid-soluble regulatory molecule? A. embedded in the outer surface of the plasma membraneB. embedded in the inner surface of the plasma membrane*C. in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cellD. All of the choices are correct.

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