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Perception. Rules of Perceptual Organization. Gestalt Psychologists The whole is more than the sum of its parts Closure Even if there are gaps in a picture we will see the object. Rules of Perceptual Organization. Figure Ground Perception The perception of figures against a background
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Rules of Perceptual Organization • Gestalt Psychologists • The whole is more than the sum of its parts • Closure • Even if there are gaps in a picture we will see the object
Rules of Perceptual Organization • Figure Ground Perception • The perception of figures against a background • What we see as the figure and the background shape our perception
Rules of Perceptual Organization • Proximity • Objects that are close to one another are paired together for no reason other then their closeness • Similarity • Objects that are similar to one another are grouped together
Rules of Perceptual Organization • Continuity • Objects are viewed as continuing pattern rather then broken apart segments • Common Fate • Objects moving together belong together
Perception of Movement • To perceive an object is moving you must view it relative to another object • Examples • Earth’s movement • Movement of a car
Stroboscopic Motion • Movements that are not actually in motion are moving • Flip book • Movie
Depth Perception • The distance away from you • Perceived through monocular and binocular cues
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues • Need one eye to be perceived • Creating the illusion of three dimensions • Paintings • Perspective • Objects in the distance appear smaller • Parallel lines appear to get closer together
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues • Clearness • The clearer an object the closer it appears to be • Overlapping • Objects that are partially covered are perceived to be further away
Depth Perception – Monocular Cues • Shading • Highlighted areas are perceived as being closer to you • Texture Gradient • Objects that are closer have more and varied texture
Depth Perception- Monocular Cues • Motion Parallax • The tendency of objects to move forward or backwards depending on their distance • Example: as you drive in your car • Moon moves forward • Trees move backwards
Depth Perception – Binocular Cues • Requires both eyes for perception • Retinal disparity • Seeing double of your finger as you bring it towards you • An image of the finger is projected onto each retina • Serves as a cue for depth within a few feet
Depth Perception – Binocular Cues • Convergence • Feeling of tension in eye muscles • Feeling of convergence is greater as an object gets closer
Perceptual Constancies • Created by experience • Size Constancy • The tendency to perceive object as being one size regardless of how far away they are
Perceptual Constancies • Color Constancy • Perceiving an object as remaining the same color even through different exposure to light • Brightness Constancy • Tendency to perceive an object as being equally as bright even when the light around it changes
Perceptual Constancies • Shape Constancy • Perception that an object has the same shape regardless of the angle at which you view it
Visual Illusions • Muller – Lyer illusion • We perceive the lines as corners of a building • Our brain reasons the corner of the room must be larger because it is further away
Visual Illusion • Ponzo illusion • Converging lines strike us as receding into the distance • The rule of size constancy comes into play
