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Chapter 9 – Jacksonian America

Chapter 9 – Jacksonian America. The Rise of Mass Politics. Jacksonian philosophy. Equality of Condition. Equality of Opportunity. Increase in nation’s growth and territorial growth could produce an elite class???. Increase in Enfranchisement.

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Chapter 9 – Jacksonian America

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  1. Chapter 9 – Jacksonian America

  2. The Rise of Mass Politics

  3. Jacksonian philosophy Equality of Condition Equality of Opportunity Increase in nation’s growth and territorial growth could produce an elite class???

  4. Increase in Enfranchisement Voting before the 1820s = white male property owners or taxpayers Voting after 1820 = all white males New states entering the Union included the new voting requirements in their state’s constitution Reasons = 2. Older states changed their voting laws to hopefully prevent citizens from leaving their states and moving westward

  5. Conservatives Resist Conservatives Forces of Democratization Why would conservatives be resistant to change? Important Facts: Rhode Island Thomas L. Dorr “People’s Party” Old vs. New State Gov’t Rebellion failed but forced changes No better is this resistance to democratization illustrated than the Dorr Rebellion

  6. Second Party System Emerges First Party System Second Party System • Ideological commitment • Party system was closed off to the elite • Parties were set on destroying the other • Federalists vs. Republicans • The idea of party needed to be institutionalized • The population at large needed to participate • Preservation of party through loyalty and favors was most important • Permanent opposition was key to a party’s survival • Whigs vs. Democrats Martin Van Buren was key in the development of the Second Party System

  7. The Development of the Second Party System

  8. FEDERALISTS REPUBLICANS (Democratic-Republicans) First Party System

  9. FEDERALISTS REPUBLICANS (Democratic-Republicans) Federalist Party fell apart leaving the Republicans as the sole political party

  10. REPUBLICANS (Democratic-Republicans) The Republicans enjoyed political autonomy during the “Era of Good Feelings” until…

  11. REPUBLICANS (Democratic-Republicans) Differences emerged that split the Republican Party

  12. NATIONAL- REPUBLICANS DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS These party changed names over the years

  13. WHIGS DEMOCRATS (Still exists today) These party changed names over the years

  14. Democracy Increased or Limited? Jackson was sometimes referred to as the “President of the Common Man” “We need to expand the opportunities to the rising classes of the West and South.” “Let’s first target the entrenched federal officeholders and open those positions to everyone.” to… Lead The Spoils System

  15. Democracy Increased or Limited? Jackson was sometimes referred to as the “President of the Common Man” “”We need to make the process of how Presidential candidates are chosen more democratic.” “My supporters tell me that national party conventions will give more power to the people.” Some feel this lead to… Corruption

  16. “Our Federal Union”

  17. Jackson’s Goal Assert the supremacy of the Union Reduce the power of the National Government While at the same time…

  18. Jackson’s Administration Martin Van Buren John H. Eaton John C. Calhoun • From South Carolina • Jackson’s Vice President • Stirred up trouble with Theory of Nullification • Further isolated himself as a result of the Peggy Eaton Affair • From New York • Jackson’s Secretary of State • Member of Jackson’s official as well his “Kitchen Cabinet” • Accepted Peggy Eaton and became Jackson’s successor • From Tennessee • Jackson’s Secretary of War • Married Peggy Eaton which stirred up the political world of Washington

  19. A Line is Drawn An argument between the sale of Western lands quickly morphed into a debate between States’ Rights versus National Power (Webster – Hayne Debate) “The Union, next to our liberty most dear.” “Our Federal Union…It must be preserved.” A very important toast… Jackson Calhoun

  20. The Nullification Crisis South Carolina was furious over the 1828 “tariff of abominations” Jackson insisted nullification was treason A.J. proposed a force bill authorizing the president to use the military to ensure acts of Congress were obeyed Violence was averted thanks to Henry Clay’s Compromise When the a new tariff was passed in 1832, S.C. called a convention and nullified the tariffs The tariff would be lowered gradually Jackson signed both the compromise and the force bill; S.C. repealed the nullification of the tariffs but nullified the force act

  21. Discussion Question(s):Was nullification a success?What did it prove?

  22. The Removal of the Indians

  23. Attitudes Shift White Americans craved more territory The Marshall Court gave the federal government the authority to negotiate with the tribes over land MMMM… LAND Native Americans were seen as an obstacle for whites desiring to move West The Black Hawk War showed the horrific lengths white Americans were willing to go to expel Indians from the western lands White Americans

  24. Removing the “Five Civilized Tribes” The Removal Act Appropriated money to finance federal negotiations with the southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the West The federal government assisted by passing the Removal Act These states were becoming impatient with the delay of removing the agrarian tribes from their lands

  25. Trail of Tears Treaty with the Cherokees The result was the “Trail of Tears”, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Native Americans Georgia would get the tribe’s land Cherokee received $5 million and a reservation west of the Mississippi River Now the Native Americans are “beyond the reach of injury or oppression” Several Indians refused to go and as a result, Andrew Jackson sent in 7,000 troops under General Winfield Scott to force them out

  26. Discussion Questions:Were there any alternatives to the removal of the Native Americans?If not, why do you think?If so, could they have worked?

  27. Jackson and the Bank War The Bank of the U.S. Jackson

  28. Nicholas Biddle President of the Second Bank of the United States and made it prosperous

  29. Opposition to the Second B.U.S. “Soft – Money” Advocates “Hard – Money” Advocates Wanted more currency in circulation – meaning they wanted more bank notes (not backed by gold or silver) to be issued Believed gold and silver were the only basis for money Condemned all banks who issued bank notes Stated the B.U.S. restrained state banks from issuing notes freely Were suspicious of expansion Believed in rapid economic growth

  30. Battle for the Bank VS. JACKSON BIDDLE ROUND 1 Stated he would not favor the renewing of the Bank’s charter when it expired in 1836 Was influenced by Henry Clay & Daniel Webster to apply to Congress in 1832 for the Bank’s renewal WHY?? WHY?? • It would force the Bank to become a major issue in the 1832 election • Congress rechartered the Bank As expected, Jackson vetoed the bill; Congress was unable to overturn the veto

  31. ROUND 2: The Knockout Punch He attempted other means to destroy the “monster” Jackson could not abolish the bank I can’t wait until 1836 for that “Monster” Bank to expire!! Remove all the government’s deposits Ummm President Jackson, I am pretty sure that will destabilize the financial system so I can’t do that. Sec. of Treasury – Louis McLane

  32. ROUND 2: The Knockout Punch He attempted other means to destroy the “monster” Jackson could not abolish the bank YOU’RE FIRED!!!!! Sec. of Treasury – Louis McLane

  33. ROUND 2: The Knockout Punch He attempted other means to destroy the “monster” Jackson could not abolish the bank Congrats on the new position…by the way I want you to remove all the government’s deposits from the Bank of the U.S. Ummm President Jackson, I really can’t do that. It would be bad. New Sec. of Treasury – William Duane

  34. ROUND 2: The Knockout Punch He attempted other means to destroy the “monster” Jackson could not abolish the bank YOU’RE FIRED!!!!! New Sec. of Treasury – William Duane

  35. ROUND 2: The Knockout Punch He attempted other means to destroy the “monster” Jackson could not abolish the bank Attorney General Taney, my good friend and ally congrats on the new position in my cabinet…now about removing those government deposits??? You got it A.J.!!!!! New Sec. of Treasury – Roger Taney

  36. One Last Effort by Biddle Ok Jackson…I’m not going away so easy. With the government’s deposits being removed to “pet banks”, Biddle called in loans This caused financial distress People went to Jackson for help but he stood firm and told them to “Go to Biddle” Biddle relented and due to his unpopular tactics lost support for rechartering the Bank

  37. Do you agree with this political cartoon?

  38. Goodbye Marshall; Hello Taney When John Marshall died in 1835, Jackson appointed his friend Roger B. Taney as the new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court This caused a shift from the previous ultra-nationalistic rulings during the Marshall Court Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) Impact / Ruling: placed restrictions on the ability of state gov’ts to control corporations Impact / Ruling: supported Massachusetts right to issue the second charter SHIFT

  39. “The object of government was to promote the general happiness, an object that took precedence over the rights of contract and property.”

  40. The Changing Face of American Politics

  41. Democrats and Whigs Emphasis on Opportunity Economic Union Fearful of rapid Territorial growth Defend the Union Embraced industry as the future of the country Rallied behind Jackson Anti-Masons Supported Jackson’s choice, Martin Van Buren, in the 1836 election Loyalties divided among the “Great Triumvirate”

  42. And the winner is…

  43. Thanks for your support A.J.!!!!!!!!!!! Van B Boys Martin Van Buren

  44. What did Van Buren inherit?? There was a nationwide economic boom Speculators bought land in such bulk that the federal government paid off their debt and even had a surplus The federal government was selling Western lands in great amounts NOOOOOOO!!!!!!!! A. Hamilton What to do with the surplus??? Give it to the states – The Distribution Act

  45. Specie Circular I loathe Paper currency!!!!!!!!! • Before leaving office, A.J. issued a presidential order, the “specie circular” • Only gold or silver coins for payment for public lands • A.J. thought it would curb land speculation • Led to the Panic of 1837

  46. IRONIC???

  47. Panic of 1837 Worst depression in the U.S. up to that point Unemployment rose Banks failed What role did the Distribution Act play in the crash?

  48. Van Buren’s Response Uh what do you want me to do??? Van Buren did nothing because he strongly opposed government intervention The Panic of 1837 spelled disaster for Van Buren Van Buren was able to get the Independent Treasury passed U.S. Federal Gov’t Martin Van Buren Banks

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