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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Alcohol. Alcohol. Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is a CNS depressant Alcohol is the second most widely used and abused of all psychoactive drugs Q. What drug is the most widely used and abused drug? A. Caffeine. Why Do Many People View Alcohol As A Non-drug?.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Alcohol

  2. Alcohol • Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is a CNS depressant • Alcohol is the second most widely used and abused of all psychoactive drugs • Q. What drug is the most widely used and abused drug? • A. Caffeine

  3. Why Do Many People View Alcohol As A Non-drug? • Alcohol is legal • Advertising & media promote drinking as normal • Large distribution and sales of alcohol • Long history of alcohol use

  4. Why Do We Drink? • Socializing– It’s what we do at a party! What does the media tell us? • Religious reasons & ceremonies • As part of our daily food consumption as a beverage

  5. Drinking to alter our Conscious State • Tranquilizing • Feeling powerful • Enhancing aspects of femininity • Satisfying dependency needs • Counteract psychic pain or negative feelings • Increase one’s awareness • Escape

  6. Something to Think About • A Man Takes A Drink • A Drink Takes A Drink • A Drink Takes the Man

  7. What We Have Talked About • Social Drinker/Problem Drinker • Moderation Drinking • Responsible Drinking • Binge Drinking • Teenage Drinking • College Drinking • Do We Have a Problem?

  8. Drinking Practices

  9. Alcohol Use And “The Alcohol Problem” • The Temperance Movement (1830-1850) • Benjamin Rush • Temperance societies • Prohibition Era (1920-1933) • State by state • Federal • Repealed • Still around today • Regulation after 1933 • Taxation

  10. Prohibition Party • Anti-Saloon League • Women’s Christian Temperance Union • All helped to gather enough support for the Eighteenth Amendment to be passed • 1918 – 36 states ratified the amendment • Prohibition of the sale, manufacture & transportation of alcoholic beverages used for beverage purposes

  11. Prohibition Cont. • 1919 – Volstead Act: enforced the Eighteenth Amendment • 1920 – 1933: The Prohibition Era • What was the result? • Who opposed the Prohibition? • What was the “Big Question”? 1933 – Twenty-First Amendment repeals the 18th

  12. Role of the Government • Federal Regulation • Federal taxation • Production standards State Regulation • Control of manufacture • Distribution • Sales

  13. Who Drinks and Why? • Cultural influences on drinking • Trends in U.S. alcohol consumption • Regional Differences • Gender Differences • College and University Students and Alcohol Use: • Binge Drinking • Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use 

  14. Who Are the Drinkers? • 111 million people will consume approximately 2 gallons of “absolute” alcohol per year. • Heavy Drinkers (9%) consume about two-thirds of the alcohol produced • More beer & wine is consumed than distilled liquor

  15. Figure 9.1 Per capita ethanol consumption by beverage type for the US, 1977-2000

  16. Figure 9.2 Total estimated US per capita ethanol consumption in gallons per year by state, 2000 based on sales.

  17. Alcohol and College • Is there a correlation to GPA? • Binge Drinking • Aggressive Behavior • Loosen-Up • Social Necessity • Sex and Booze • It’s just what you do at a party! • Is there a correlation to smoking?

  18. Alcohol Content

  19. What Is Proof ? • A numerical designation of the alcohol content of distilled spirits and represents twice the percentage of alcohol by volume. 90 proof = 45% alcohol

  20. How Is Alcohol Absorbed • Absorption – alcohol passes through the walls of the stomach & small intestine into the blood stream. Can be effected by foods, etc. • Distribution – circulating of undigested alcohol to the cells of the body.

  21. Oxidation • The combination of alcohol with oxygen which results in the formation of water and CO2. • 20% of alcohol is broken down by gastric enzymes. (Males more effective at this than females) • After alcohol passes into the bloodstream, oxidation continues in the liver & other organs

  22. What A Buzz!! • A temporary condition of behavioral disorder due to alcohol in the CNS. • Severity of this intoxication is related to the BAC.

  23. Mechanism of Brain Impairment • Nerve Cells within the brain’s arousal centers are depressed (pseudostimulation) • Mild euphoria and animation • Cerebral cortex is depressed • Euphoria ceases

  24. Alcohol States of Consciousness • ASC-1: increasing BAC, pseudostimulation, impaired performance • ASC-2: declining BAC, quiet & tired, performance beginning to improve • ASC-3: halfway between peak and zero BAC, feelings of confidence, detectable BAC • ASC-4: zero BAC, but positional alcohol nystagmus still evident.

  25. Psychological aspects of intoxication involve the drinker’s mind-set and the emotional climate or setting of drinking

  26. Short Term Effects • Sensations and Perception • Emotions/inhibitions are depressed • Changes in Sleep - REM Sleep • Kidneys - diuretic effect •  HR and BP, peripheral vasodilation, constriction of arteries of the heart

  27. Short-Term Effects cont. • Accumulation of fat cells in liver • Impairment of motor skills • Physical & psychological distress from hangover effects • Diminishes sexual performance, but increases overt behavior

  28. Long-Term Effects • Gastrointestinal disorders • Liver disorders • alcoholic hepatitis (chronic inflamm) • alcoholic cirrhosis (shrinking/hardening) • Hypoglycemia • Poor eating habits • Dementia

  29. More Long-Term Effects • Wernicke’s Syndrome - thiamine deficiency (loss of motor control) • Korsakoff’s Psychosis - amnesia • Endocrine disorders • Mental disorders • Cardiovascular Disease linked to arthymia,  BP • Inc. risk of Cancer • Depresses immune system

  30. Figure 9.3 The relationship between blood alcohol concentration and alcohol intake.

  31. Physical Effects of Alcohol • BAC produced depends on the: • Presence of food in the stomach • Rate of alcohol consumption • Concentration of alcohol • Drinker’s body composition • Alcohol beverages have almost no vitamins, minerals, protein, or fat -- just large amount of carbohydrates

  32. Short-term Effects of Alcohol • Low to moderate doses • Disinhibition • Social setting and mental state • Euphoric, friendly, talkative • Aggressive and hostile • Interfere with motor activity, reflexes and coordination

  33. Short-term Effects of Alcohol • Moderate quantities • Slightly increases in heart rate • Slightly dilates blood vessels in arms, legs,skin • Moderately lowers blood pressure • Stimulate appetite • Increases production of gastric secretions • Increases urine output

  34. Acute Effects of Alcohol • At higher doses • Difficulty in walking, talking, and thinking • Induces drowsiness and causes sleep • In large amounts -- severe depression of the brain systems and motor control area of the brain • Lack of coordination, confusion, & disorientation • Stupor, anesthesia, coma, and even death • Lethal level of alcohol is between 0.4 and 0.6% by volume in the blood

  35. Chronic Effects of Alcohol • Light or moderate drinking does little permanent harm (exception - FAS) • Heavy drinking • Seriously damages the heart • Kidney and liver damage • Mental disorders, irreversible damage to the brain and peripheral nervous system • Lowered resistance to pneumonia and other infectious diseases • Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract

  36. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • A collection of physical and behavioral abnormalities caused by the presence of alcohol during fetal development

  37. Alcohol Dependence • Withdrawal • Detoxification • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Dependent behaviors • Alcoholics Anonymous • 12 steps

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