System

1. System • System is an aggregate of two or more physical components and a set of disciplines or procedures by means of which they interact. • A set of elements or components that are formed and interact to accomplish goals or objective. • A subsystem is system component that is a system in its own right.

2. Basic System Elements • Input • Output • Process • Feedback

3. System Block Diagram Output Input Process Feedback

4. Input • Productive resources that can be defined as natural resources. • Input can be inform of raw materials, labor, capital, information, data, or any other phenomenon that carries some form of content.

5. Output • The result of the production process. • It is the goal that the system has as its purpose for existing.

6. Process/Transformation • Process is the method by which the goal of the system is achieved. • Steps or operations the system goes through to converts inputs into outputs.

7. Feedback • Information returned to an instigator of change that reflects the result of that change, allowing the originator to correct for undesired results.

8. System Boundary • A system boundary defines what is inside and what is outside of the system. • The boundary separate the system from its environment.

9. Environment of System • The environment is everything outside of a system’s boundaries that is pertinent to the system. • It contains the sources of inputs into the system and the recipients of outputs from the system.

10. Boundary and Environment Customer Confirmation Process Order Order Availability Receive Mail Computer

11. Boundary and Environment • System receives inputs from its environment. • System returns output to its environment.

12. Connections in a System • The connection in a system transmit the flows of material and information that coordinate the system’s components. • Connections are essential to all systems. • Without connections, the system would be a set of independent components that ignore each other.

13. Control Mechanisms • The control mechanisms in a system are the rules and logic that govern the individual subsystems and the interactions among them.

14. Example Supplier Parts Design Produce Deliver Sell Service Order Service request Preferences Customer

15. Systems Classification • Open or Closed • Simple or Complex • Stable or Dynamic • Permanent or Temporary

16. Open System • Open system means they receive input from the environment and return output to the environment. • There is a flow of inputs and outputs across the system boundary.

17. Closed System • There is no interaction with the environment within a closed system. • A closed system have sealed boundaries and neither receive inputs nor produce outputs

18. Simple Systems • A simple system is one in which there are few elements or components and the relationship or interaction between elements is uncomplicated and straightforward.

19. Complex System • A complex system is one in which there are many elements that are highly related and interconnected.

20. Stable or Dynamic • Stable is one in which changes in the environment result in no change or little change in the system. • Dynamic system is one that undergoes rapid and constant change due to changes in its environment.

21. Adaptive or Nonadaptive • An adaptive system is one that responds to a changing environment. • A nonadaptive system is one that does not change with a changing environment.

22. Describing and Evaluating Systems • Cost of ownership • The cost of implementing, operating, and maintaining a system. • Efficiency • The ratio between outputs and inputs for a particular task. • Delays • Time lags between different things that happen in a system.

23. Describing and Evaluating Systems • Capacity • The amount of work a system can do. • Reliability • The extent to which a system can dependably remain in service. • Complexity • How complicated a system is, based on the number of differentiated components, the number of interacting components, and the nature of interactions between components.

24. Describing and Evaluating Systems • Compatibility • The extent to which the standards and logic of one system is consistent with the standards and logic of another system. • Controllability • The user’s ability to immediately influence or change what a system does.

25. Describing and Evaluating Systems • Adaptability • The user’s ability to modify a system over time as business conditions or other requirements change. • Likelihood of operator error • the likelihood of mistaken or incorrect action by people who operate equipment or system.

26. Types of Tasks • Structured • So well understood that is possible to specify exactly how to perform the task. • Semi-structured • less well understood; information requirements and procedures are generally known, but some aspects of the task still rely on the performer’s judgment.

27. Types of Tasks • unstructured • poorly understood; can not specify information to be used, the method of using the information, nor the criteria for judging performance of the task; relies heavily on the performer’s judgment.

28. Information System (IS) • An information system is combination of work practices, information, people, and information technologies organized to accomplish goals in an organization. • An airline reservation system travel agents use to book flights for their customers.

29. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • CBIS is an information system that uses computer systems, devices, and technology.

30. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • CBIS consists of: • hardware • software • database • telecommunication • people • procedures

31. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • hardware • keyboard • scanner • magnetic ink characters reader • central processing unit • memory • storage • printer • monitor

32. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • Software • programs and instruction given to the computer • Database • organized collection of facts and information

33. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • Telecommunication • link computer systems together into effective networks. • Local-area Network (LANs) • Wide-area Network (WANs) • People • people who enter, process, and use data

34. Computer Based IS (CBIS) • Procedures • strategies • policies • methods • etc

35. Benefit of IS • Better service • Less errors • Higher quality products • Less expensive • Less labor • More control over operations

36. Modeling • Model is a copy of a physical structure or a concept that is designed to demonstrate certain characteristics of that physical structure or concept in accordance with the purposes of modeler. • Model is an abstraction or an approximation of reality.

37. Types of Model • Narrative • Verbal • Physical • Schematic • Mathematical • Analog

38. Types of Model • Narrative • verbal and written descriptions of reality • Verbal • designed to convert thoughts and concepts into language, to establish relationship and restrictions of real-world systems, and then to organize them.

39. Types of Model • Physical • a tangible representation of reality. • a model designed to resemble a physical reality, though not to behave in an analogous manner. • Schematic • graphical representation of reality

40. Types of Model • Mathematical • arithmetic representation of reality. • a symbolic manipulative representation of reality designed to describe relationships among certain factor of the reality that it is designed to represent. • uses numerical representation to describe the reality in question.

41. Types of Model • Analog • a model that behaves in some manner similar to the reality that it is designed to represent. • These type of model are useful in investigating and understanding physical phenomena. They often produce large amount of information.

42. Modeling Process • Gather information. • Based on this information, reach conclusions about the nature, characteristics, and behavior of the reality to be modeled.

43. Modeling Process • Determine an appropriate form of model; • what elements are important • degree of detail required • Build the model • Compare the model with reality to determine the degree to which the model actually approximate the reality.

44. Modeling Process • Adjust the model as necessary to achieve the desired “fit”

45. Exercise • Using the modeling process outlined develop a model for some real-world phenomenon in which you are interested. Go through the process and document your choices of form, method, and so forth.

46. Problem Solving • Process of using information, knowledge, and intuition to solve a problem that has been defined previously.

47. Problem Solving Process • Decision making • intelligence • design • choice • Implementation • Monitoring

48. Problem Solving Factors • Complexity • Competition • Social and political actions • Technology • Time compression • Decision objective • International aspects

49. Characteristics of Data, Information, Knowledge • Distinguishing factors • Types of data • Accuracy and precision • Age, timeliness, and time horizon • completeness and level of summarization • Accessibility • Source • Value and relevance

50. Data, Information, Knowledge • Data • data are facts, images, or sounds that may or may not be to pertinent or useful for a particular task. • Information • information is useful data whose form and content are relevant and appropriate for a particular use.