The Rise and Fall of Papal Power in Medieval Europe: A Study of Corruption and Reform

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2. Chapter 8 Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe

3. When Charlemagne’s Reign Ended • Papal power between the East and West Collapsed • The papacy = a strategic office to hold

4. The Carolingian World Collapses Part I

5. Treaty of Verdun (843 AD) • Divided the empire: East, West, and Middle

6. Papal Office Corruption (9th c. ) • Result of domestic hardships • More corruption among popes than in any point in time of history

7. Papal Office Corruption (9th c. ) • Greed • Political Intrigue • Emperors, pope, Roman nobility

8. Popes of the 9th c. • Lacked Leadership skills • Corrupt • Abused their power • Didn’t resist the Emperor of Rome

9. Example of Abuse • Pope Stephen IV exhumed body of Pope Formosus • Placed Pope Formosus on trial

10. Why was a DEAD pope placed on trial? • Not worthy to be pope • Had sided with a king against Pope John

11. Pope Formosus • Was found guilty • Three fingers were removed • Body was thrown to the mob

12. Pope John XII • 18 when elected pope • Temporal power • Crowned Otto I • “hunting and banqueting” • Practiced simony to pay for lavish life • Gave bishop positions as favors to wealthy families

13. Simony • The selling of spiritual benefits and ecclesiastical positions for temporal gain

14. The Rise of Feudalism • Empire broken into 50 duchies • Concern: How should the land be protected?

15. Feudalism • The holding of a land for a fee and on the resulting relations between a lord and vassal

16. Nepotism • The Appointment of family members to important positions • Increased with rise of Feudalism

17. Feudalism and the Church • Bishops: • Enjoyed more wealth • Allowed to marry • Allowed to have children • Gave own sons the title they held

18. The Viking Invasions • Prevented monastic reform • Unstoppable because of civil unrest in territories • Destroyed monasteries

19. The Viking Invasions • Weakened monasteries’ civilizing influence • Learning was forgotten • Abbots became brigands (bandits)

20. “From the Fury of the Northmen Deliver Us, O Lord.” A Viking Invasion

21. Round Towers • Door placed one floor up • Monks hid in them for safety • Series of ladders inside kept Vikings away

22. Round Towers: Other Theories • Erosion • To absorb energy • Bell towers • To support the structure

23. High Crosses • Unmovable • Practical • Illustrated Bible stories • Gravestone

24. Irish Round Towers

25. High Crosses

26. The New Temporal Orders Part IIi

27. Otto I (936-973) • Desired an alliance with the Church to secure own royal power

28. Ottonian Line’s Influence • Lay Investiture • Power over proprietary churches • Gave ecclesiastical funds to royal coffers

29. Lay Investiture • The appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.

30. Otto II (988-1002) • Appointed tutor (Gerbert) to be pope (Pope Sylvester II)

31. Pope Sylvester II & Otto II • Relationship was foundation for the Lay Investiture controversy

32. The Lay Investitures Controversy Part IV

33. Pope St. Gregory the Great VII • Became pope b/c of enthusiastic crowds • Relentless • Energetic • Iron Will • “Father of Canon Law” • Dictatus Pape

34. Dictatus Papae Specific powers rest on pope alone: Convene/ratify council Define tenets of the Faith Appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from office Dispose of temporal rulers

35. Pope St. Gregory the Great VII • Excluded simony from Church Hierarchy • Priests who practiced fornication barred from serving Mass • Anyone who did not follow new rules were shunned by Clergy

36. Emperor Henry IV • Appointed the Bishop of Milan • Stripped of Crown (by pope) • Excommunicated • Granted forgiveness • Appointed an anti-pope

37. Concordat of Worms • Spiritual Investiture = Church • Civil Investiture = Civil • Free election of Bishops • Simony condemned • Veto power over Church elections= King

38. Constitutions of Clarendon • King controls abbeys, Episcopal sees, Church money, elections • Any appeals to Rome have to be approved by the King

39. Pope Innocent III • Church reached height of power • “Vicar of Christ” • Power gives power to Kings • Interfered to keep balance of power

40. Cluny and the Monastic Reform Part II

41. Among the Chaos … • Reform arose in Cluny: Universal Church within a political framework Dignity of the human person

42. Founding of Reform (909/910) • Land donated by William the Pious • Donated for monastery to be built

43. New Monastery in Cluny • New Commitment to the Benedictine Rule • Had only one Abbot • St. Berno was the first Abbot

44. St. Berno • Settled Cluny with 12 companions • Renewed commitment to Benedictine rule • Placed all energies into glorifying God

45. Cluny Other Monasteries Had one abbot above each individual monastery Increased manual labor (feudalism) • Had only one Abbot • Benedictine Rule • Decreased manual labor

46. Cluny Monks Benedictine Monks Relaxed rule Emphasized working life No Divine Office • Strict rule • Emphasized spiritual life • Reinstated Divine Office

47. PART V The Cistercians and Carthusians

48. The Cistercians • White Monks • St. Robert of Molesme • Emphasized farming and simplicity of lifestyle • Converted Slavic tribes

49. The Cistercians

50. St. Bernard of Clairvaux • Second founder of Cistercians • Had a classical education • Focused on the Scriptures and the Fathers of the Church • Debated Peter Abelard • “Age of St. Bernard” • Rejected promotions • Divine life communicated to the world in the person Jesus Christ