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1867: A New Nation

The 1867 British North America Act marked the unification of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, establishing Canada as a constitutional monarchy under the Queen. Prime Minister John A. MacDonald led the new federation amidst significant social changes such as industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, driving the need for territorial expansion. Canada acquired vast lands from the Hudson's Bay Company, which led to complex interactions with Aboriginal peoples, resulting in the Indian Act and the establishment of residential schools aimed at assimilation and control.

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1867: A New Nation

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  1. 1867: A New Nation (talkin’ ‘bout my f-f-f-f-Federation)

  2. The Original ‘Confederation’: 1867 • British North America Act unites several of the British North American colonies. • Quebec • Ontario • New Brunswick • Nova Scotia • Government = Constitutional Monarchy • The official head of state is the Queen, limited by a constitution. • Most power held by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet

  3. First Prime Minister: John A MacDonald

  4. The Federation Develops • Social forces at play: • Industrialization (more industries created) • Immigration (more people coming to Canada) • Urbanization (more people moving to cities) • All of this leads to need for EXPANSION

  5. Expansion • Canadian government wanted to acquire territory to the west. • To Settle • To get larger economic base. • Protect it from Americans.

  6. Sweet Deal • Canada buys land from the Hudson’s bay company… 6,475,000 km2. This will become, essentially, the prairies (Manitoba, Sask, Alberta) • Price Tag: 1.5 million$

  7. Which Trade’s Fair?? Sold 141 years ago. Price-tag: 1.5 million dollars Sold this week. Price-tag: 1.5 million dollars.

  8. Aboriginal People • Canada wanted the Aboriginal Land to the West. • Indian Act (1869) considered native people minors, under the protection of the government. • No political rights • Negotiated treaties… got land in exchange for • Reserves • Food and Clothing • Medical Services

  9. Residential Schools and Assimilation Thomas Moore as he appeared when admitted to the Regina Indian Industrial School, after tuition at the Regina Indian Industrial School [ca. 1897]

  10. Residential Schools (extra info) 1857 - Gradual Civilization Act passed to assimilateIndians.1870-1910 - Period of assimilation where theclear objective of both missionaries and government was to assimilate Aboriginal children into the lower fringes of mainstream society1920 - Compulsory attendance for all childrenages 7-15 years. Children were forcibly taken from their families by priests, Indian agents and police officers. 1931 - There were 80 residential schools operating in Canada.1948 – There were 72 residential schools with9,368 students. 1979 – There were 12 residential schools with1,899 students.1980’s - Residential School students began disclosing sexual and other forms of abuse at residential schools. 1996 - The last federally run residential school, the Gordon Residential School, closes in Saskatchewan.1998 - The AFN establishes the Indian Residential Schools Resolution Unit.

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