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Deponent Verbs: Overview

Deponent Verbs: Overview. Latin, like English, has two verbal voices : Active and Passive. We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System. Deponent Verbs: Overview. Present System :

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Deponent Verbs: Overview

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  1. Deponent Verbs:Overview Latin, like English, has two verbal voices: Active and Passive. We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System.

  2. Deponent Verbs:Overview Present System: Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Endings - r - mur - ris - mini - tur - ntur Perfect System: Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) + Present of sum, esse Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, esse Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (4th P.P.) + Future of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

  3. Deponent Verbs:Overview Some verbs in Latin are classified as Deponent Verbs (from deponere, to put aside). These are verbs which DO NOT have active forms, but must be translated as active voice. A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that is Passive in Form but Active in Meaning. The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the exact same rules and patterns as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice.

  4. Deponent Verbs:Overview NB: Even though a deponent verb looks passive, its subject is the doer of the verbal action. This means that Deponent Verbs can therefore never be put into the passive voice or have a passive meaning.

  5. Deponent Verbs:The Principle Parts Since Deponent Verbs have only Passive Forms, they necessarily have only three Principle Parts (because the 3rd Principle Part of a regular verb is the Perfect Active Stem), and the Principle Parts will all be in Passive Voice form. Exempla: Sequor, Sequi, Secutus Sum 1st Person Singular, Present Passive Perfect Passive (Deponent) Present Infinitive, Participle + sum “I follow” “To follow” = 1st Person Singular, Perfect Miror, Mirari Miratus Sum

  6. Deponent Verbs:The Principle Parts Conjugation 1st P.P. 2nd P.P. T.V. 1st - or - āri ā 2nd - eor - ēri ē 3rd - or - ī e 3rd –io - ior - ī e 4th - ior - īri ī

  7. Deponent Verbs:The Principle Parts Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Parts: Exempla What is the conjugation of the following verbs? 1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum = 2. moror, morārī, morātus sum = 3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum = 4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum = 5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum = 6. morior, morī, mortuus sum = 7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum = 8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum = 9. patior, patī, passus sum = 10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum =

  8. Deponent Verbs:The Principle Parts Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Parts: Exempla What is the conjugation of the following verbs? 1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum = 1st 2. moror, morārī, morātus sum = 1st 3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum = 3rd 4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum = 2nd 5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum = 3rd 6. morior, morī, mortuus sum = 3rd –io 7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum = 3rd –io 8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum = 4th 9. patior, patī, passus sum = 3rd –io 10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum = 3rd

  9. Deponent Verbs:The Present System The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the Present System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice: Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Endings - r - mur - ris - mini - tur - ntur As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem Vowels.

  10. The Present System:Review – Stem Vowels and Tense Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

  11. The Present System:Review – Tense Markers Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present [ None ] Imperfect -ba -ba -ba -ba -ba Future -bi -bi -e -ie -ie

  12. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense The Present Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings directly onto the Present Stem. Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st singular ends in –or 1st Conjugation – –a drops out before –o of 1st Sing. 3rd Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing.  – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing. – T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl. 3rd –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1st Sing.  – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing. – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl. 4th Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl.

  13. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or –a drops out before –or of 1st Sing. Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.) Mir(a)+or= Miror Mira+mur = Miramur Mira+ris = Miraris Mira+mini = Miramini Mira+tur = Miratur Mira+ntur = Mirantur

  14. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.) Vere+or = Vereor Vere+mur = Veremur Vere+ris = Vereris Vere+mini = Veremini Vere+tur = Veretur Vere+ntur = Verentur

  15. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or  – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing. – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum Stem = sequi(–T.V. Changes to –i) Sequ(i)+or= Sequor Sequi+mur = Sequimur Seque+ris = Sequeris Sequi+mini = Sequimini Sequi+tur = Sequitur Sequ(i)+ntur = Sequuntur

  16. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or  – T.V. becomes –e in 2nd Sing. – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum Stem = pati(–T.V. changes to –i) Pati+or = Patior Pati+mur = Patimur Pate+ris = Pateris Pati+mini = Patimini Pati+tur = Patitur Patiu+ntur = Patiuntur

  17. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – 1st Sing. ends in –or – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sum Stem = ori(–Ends in T.V.) Ori+or = Orior Ori+mur = Orimur Ori+ris = Oriris Ori+mini = Orimini Ori+tur = Oritur Oriu+ntur = Oriuntur

  18. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle In Latin, there is no Present Passive Participle; the only Present Participle that exists is the Present Active Participle. For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the Present Participle according to the normal pattern for the Present Active Participle of regular verbs. The Present Active Participle is the only form of a Deponent Verb which will be active in form as well as meaning.

  19. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 1st Conjugation: Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum Stem = mirā + ns, ntis – wondering M/F N M/F N Mirans Mirans Mirantes Mirantia Mirantis Mirantium Miranti Mirantibus Mirantem Mirans Mirantes Mirantia Miranti Mirantibus

  20. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 2nd Conjugation: Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = verē + ns, ntis – fearing M/F N M/F N Verens Verens Verentes Verentia Verentis Verentium Verenti Verentibus Verentem Verens Verentes Verentia Verenti Verentibus

  21. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 3rd Conjugation: Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum Stem = seque + ns, ntis – following M/F N M/F N Sequens Sequens Sequentes Sequentia Sequentis Sequentium Sequenti Sequentibus Sequentem Sequens Sequentes Sequentia Sequenti Sequentibus

  22. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 3rd –io Conjugation: Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum Stem = patie + ns, ntis – suffering M/F N M/F N Patiens Patiens Patientes Patientia Patientis Patientium Patienti Patientibus Patientem Patiens Patientes Patientia Patienti Patientibus

  23. I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 4th Conjugation: Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sum Stem = orie + ns, ntis – rising M/F N M/F N Oriens Oriens Orientes Orientia Orientis Orientium Orienti Orientibus Orientem Oriens Orientes Orientia Orienti Orientibus

  24. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense The Imperfect Tense is formed by adding the Tense Marker –ba– to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings. Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings (Tense Marker) Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie

  25. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum Stem = mirā (–Ends in T.V.) Mira+ba+r = Mirabar Mira+ba+mur = Mirabamur Mira+ba+ris = Mirabaris Mira+ba+mini= Mirabamini Mira+ba+tur = Mirbatur Mira+ba+ntur = Mirabantur

  26. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.) Vere+ba+r = Verebar Vere+ba+mur = Verebamur Vere+ba+ris = Verebaris Vere+ba+mini= Verebamini Vere+ba+tur = Verebatur Vere+ba+ntur = Verebantur

  27. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e) Seque+ba+r = Sequebar Seque+ba+mur = Sequebamur Seque+ba+ris = Sequebaris Seque+ba+mini= Sequebamini Seque+ba+tur= Sequebatur Seque+ba+ntur = Sequebantur

  28. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum Stem = patie(–T.V. becomes –ie) Patie+ba+r = Patiebar Patie+ba+mur = Patiebamur Patie+ba+ris = Patiebaris Patie+ba+mini = Patiebamini Patie+ba+tur = Patiebatur Patie+ba+ntur = Patiebantur

  29. II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sum Stem = orie(T.V. becomes –ie) Orie+ba+r = Oriebar Orie+ba+mur = Oriebamur Orie+ba+ris = Oriebaris Orie+ba+mini= Oriebamini Orie+ba+tur = Oriebatur Orie+ba+ntur = Oriebantur

  30. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense The Future Tense is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd Conjugation follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the 3rd and 4th Conjugation follow a second pattern or equation. 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings (Tense Marker) 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings (e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

  31. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –or – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Sing.  – -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2nd Sing. – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum Stem = mirā(–Ends in T.V.) Mira+b(i)+or = Mirabor Mira+bi+mur = Mirabimur Mira+be+ris= Miraberis Mira+bi+mini = Mirabimini Mira+bi+tur = Mirabitur Mira+bu+ntur = Mirabuntur

  32. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –o – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Sing.  – -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2nd Sing. – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sum Stem = verē(–Ends in T.V.) Vere+b(i)+or = Verebor Vere+bi+mur = Verebimur Vere+be+ris = Vereberis Vere+bi+mini = Verebimini Vere+bi+tur = Verebitur Vere+bu+ntur = Verebuntur

  33. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense The 3rd and 4th Conjugations form the Future Tense by changing the vowels at the end of the verb stem. These vowels themselves act as the Tense Marker that shows us the verb is in the Future. The Personal Endings are then added right onto the stem ending in the modified vowels.

  34. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of the verb stem are very simple: The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly the same way as the stem changes in the Imperfect Tense. 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings (e/ie = Future Tense Marker) Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –ar; -e of stem drops before –ar

  35. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –ar Exemplum: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum Stem = seque(–T.V. becomes –e) Sequ(e)+ar = Sequar Seque+mur = Sequemur Seque+ris = Sequeris Seque+mini= Sequemini Seque+tur = Sequetur Seque+ntur = Sequentur

  36. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –ar Exemplum: patior, patī, passus sum Stem = patie(–T.V. becomes –ie) Pati(e)+ar = Patiar Patie+mur = Patiemur Patie+ris = Patieris Patie+mini = Patiemini Patie+tur = Patietur Patie+ntur = Patientur

  37. III. Deponent Verbs:The Future Tense 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –ar Exemplum: orior, orīrī, ortus sum Stem = orie(T.V. becomes –ie) Ori(e)+ar = Oriar Orie+mur = Oriemur Orie+ris = Orieris Orie+mini = Oriemini Orie+tur = Orietur Orie+ntur = Orientur

  38. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect System As in the Present System, the conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice: Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Present of sum, esse Pluperfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Imperfect of sum, esse Future Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rd P.P.) + Future of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.

  39. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect System NB: (1) Since by their definition Deponent Verbs are Passive in form but Active in meaning, they lack the usual 3rd Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem). Instead, the 3rd Principle Part is the Perfect Passive Participle (which gives the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes this is listed with “sum”.

  40. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect System NB: (2) Because Deponent Verbs are passive only in form but active in meaning, the Perfect Participle of Deponent Verbs (3rd P.P.) must always be translated in active voice. Deponent Verbs are the ONLY verbs in Latin which have a Perfect ACTIVE Participle.

  41. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect System The Perfect Participle Deponent: Exempla: mīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wondered veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared” secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed” passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”

  42. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 1st Conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum puer miratus sum puella mirata sum oppidum miratum sum miratus es mirata es miratum es miratus est mirata est miratum est pueri mirati sumus puellae miratae sumus oppida mirata sumus mirati estis miratae estis mirata estis mirati sunt miratae sunt mirata sunt

  43. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 2nd Conjugation: vereor, verērī, veritus sum puer veritus sum puella verita sum oppidum veritum sum veritus es verita es veritum es veritus est verita est veritum est pueri veriti sumus puellae veritae sumus oppida verita sumus veriti estis veritae estis verita estis veriti sunt veritae sunt verita sunt

  44. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 3rd Conjugation: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum puer secutus sum puella secuta sum oppidum secutum sum secutus es secuta es secutum es secutus est secuta est secutum est pueri secuti sumus puellae secutae sumus oppida secuta sumus secuti estis secutae estis secuta estis secuti sunt secutae sunt secuta sunt

  45. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 3rd –io Conjugation: patior, patī, passus sum puer passus sum puella passa sum oppidum passum sum passus es passa es passum es passus est passa est passum est pueri passi sumus puellae passae sumus oppida passa sumus passi estis passae estis passa estis passi sunt passae sunt passa sunt

  46. IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect Tense Perfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Present of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 4th Conjugation: orior, orīrī, ortus sum puer ortus sum puella orta sum oppidum ortum sum ortus es orta es ortum es ortus est orta est ortum est pueri orti sumus puellae ortae sumus oppida orta sumus orti estis ortae estis orta estis orti sunt ortae sunt orta sunt

  47. V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 1st Conjugation: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum puer miratus eram puella mirata eram oppidum miratum eram miratus eras mirata eras miratum eras miratus erat mirata erat miratum erat pueri mirati eramus puellae miratae eramus oppida mirata eramus mirati eratis miratae eratis mirata eratis mirati erant miratae erant mirata erant

  48. V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Passive =3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 2nd Conjugation: vereor, verērī, veritus sum puer veritus eram puella verita eram oppidum veritum eram veritus eras verita eras veritum eras veritus erat verita erat veritum erat pueri veriti eramus puellae veritae eramus oppida verita eramus veriti eratis veritae eratis verita eratis veriti erant veritae erant verita erant

  49. V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 3rd Conjugation: sequor, sequī, secūtus sum puer secutus eram puella secuta eram oppidum secutum eram secutus eras secuta eras secutum eras secutus erat secuta erat secutum erat pueri secuti eramus puellae secutae eramus oppida secuta eramus secuti eratis secutae eratis secuta eratis secuti erant secutae erant secuta erant

  50. V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Passive = 3rd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse  3rd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. 3rd –io Conjugation: patior, patī, passus sum puer passus eram puella passa eram oppidum passum eram passus eras passa eras passum eras passus erat passa erat passum erat pueri passi eramus puellae passae eramus oppida passa eramus passi eratis passae eratis passa eratis passi erant passae erant passa erant

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