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Understanding the Electronic Structure of Atoms and the Wave Nature of Light

This chapter explores the electronic structure of atoms, focusing on the arrangement of electrons and the wave nature of light. It delves into electromagnetic radiation (EMR), characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and speed, known as the speed of light (3.0 x 10^8 m/s). The relationship between frequency and wavelength is examined through the equation c = λν. Additionally, Max Planck's contributions to understanding light as both electricity and magnetism are discussed, including how to calculate photon energy using E = hν. The quantum mechanical model of the atom is introduced, illustrating electron behavior and energy transitions.

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Understanding the Electronic Structure of Atoms and the Wave Nature of Light

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  1. Chapter 7 Electronic Structure of Atoms

  2. The Wave Nature of Light • The electronic structure of an atom refers to the arrangement of the electrons. • Visible light is a form of Electromagnetic radiation (EMR). • Radiation carries energy through space • EMR is characterized by its wave

  3. Wave Properties • All waves have a characteristic wavelength, λ (lambda), and amplitude, A. • The frequency, ν (nu), of a wave is the number of cycles which pass a point in one second. • The units of ν are Hertz. (1Hz = 1/s)

  4. The speed of a wave is determined by its frequency multiplied by its wavelength. • The speed of EMR is always the same no matter what the wavelength or frequency. • The speed of EMR is equal to the speed of light. The symbol for the speed of light is “c”. • The numerical value for c is a constant and is always equal to 3.0 x 10 8 m/s

  5. Since the speed of the wave is constant, if the frequency is known, the wavelength can be determined. • Likewise, if the wavelength is known, the frequency can be determined. • Frequency and wavelength are inversely related.

  6. The relationship between frequency (ν ) and wavelength (λ )is shown by the equation c = λ ν Where c = the speed of light = 3.0 x 108m/s λ = the wavelength of the wave ν = the frequency of the wave

  7. Light as Electricity and Magnetism • Max Planck determined mathematically that light is both magnetism and electricity. • He determined the Energy in a photon is directly related to its frequency . If the frequency is multiplied by Planck’s constant (6.6261 x 10-34 J-s), the Energy of the photon can be determined. • This relationship is represented in the formula E=h ν • Where E is Energy • H is Planck’s constant = (6.6261 x 10-34 J-s) • ν = frequency

  8. Schroedinger’sQUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM • The quantum mechanical model is a way of describing the atom through electron movement. • Electrons are arranged in orbitals around the nucleus. • If the electrons gain a photon (specific amount) of energy they can travel to higher energy levels. • The energy level the electron travels to will be determined by the amount of energy in the photon. • The electron cannot maintain this higher energy level and eventually returns to a lower level. • The eneregy is released as it travels down in the form of emr. • The color you see depends on the wavelength of the light released.

  9. Determining the Energy of the photon. • To determine the Energy of the photon released, we use the formula E=h ν

  10. Example: • PROBLEM: What is the energy of a photon with a frequency of 3.7 x 107Hz? • SOLUTION: Use the formula E=h ν. E = ? h= 6.6261 x 10-34 J-s ν = 3.7 x 107Hz E= (6.6261 x 10-34 J-s ) (3.7 x 1071/s)= 24.51657 x 1027 J Then 24.51657 is not a number between 1 and 10. 2.451657 x 10 28 J

  11. Problem: What is thefrequency of a photon with Energy

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