What is DNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

1. What is DNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in DNA? Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) deoxyribose What is RNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in RNA? Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) ribose

2. 3. Write the complementary DNA sequence for the DNA strand shown below. TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG, ATG,GGT,TTT, CAC,GCG,TGC ATA,GAT,CGA TAT,CTA,GCT

3. 4. Now write the complementary RNA sequence for the same DNA strand. TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG, AUG,GGU,UUU,CAC,GCG,UGC ATA,GAT,CGA UAU,CUA,GCU

4. 5. Using the RNA sequence you wrote and the translation table shown below, translate the t-RNA sequence you wrote into an amino acid (protein) strand. Met-Gly-Phe-His-Ala-Cys- Tyr-Leu-Ala • Where are genes located? On chromosomes

5. What is the difference between a gene, a chromosome, and DNA? a) A gene is a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific protein b) A chromosome is a double strand of DNA that contains genes on both strands c) DNA is the chemical compound that, along with proteins, makes up a chromosome

6. 8. Work the following problems: • A woman is homozygous for Type O blood. Her husband is heterozygous for Type AB. Can they have a child who is Type 0? NO Can they have a son who is Type AB? NO (Mom) oo x AB (Dad) o o A B

7. A flower breeder crosses a red flower with a yellow one. All the offspring are orange. What kind of dominance is this? Incomplete- because the offspring are a blend of the parental traits • Show the Punnett square and the percentages of the different offspring that you will get if you cross two of the orange flowered plants. RY x RY pheno: red, orng, yel R Y 25%, 50%, 25% R geno:RR, RY, YY Y 25%,50%, 25%

8. 9. Below are shown two karyotypes. a) Which one is for a male? B b) Which one is for a female? A c) Which one shows an abnormal karyotype? Both do at # 21. d) What condition will this karyotype cause? • Trisomy 21 also called

9. 10. Define the following: a. reproductive isolation- when one part of a population of the same or similar species cannot or does not interbreed with another b. speciation- formation of new species c. natural selection- survival of the best adapted to the local environment d. genetic variation- the differences in genes that are present in or can be acquired in a population of organisms

10. How does a bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Is this a genetic change? It acquires a new gene, probably on a plasmid, that makes it resistant to the antibiotic. Yes! 12. Define the following: a. evolution- change in something over time (usually refers to a biological change) b. gradualism- a slow acquisition of changes c. punctuated equilibrium- long periods of no change followed by bursts of rapid change

11. 13. Define the following: a. vestigial structures –Structures that were larger and used more in an ancient ancestor b. analogous structures- structures that look alike and do the same thing although the organisms on which they are found don’t have a common ancestor

12. c. homologous structures- Structures that are similar in form but may have different jobs- found on organisms that had a common ancestor 14. Label the bacterium • Flagellum 4.Cell Membrane • Pilus 5. Ribosome • Nucleoid 6. Cell wall 7. Capsule

13. Where are the oldest fossils found, at the bottom of several layers of sediment, in the middle, or at the top? Why do you think so? They are at the bottom, because they are laid down first.

14. Draw & label the life cycle of a virus.

15. What is the greatest threat to an organism that has been invaded by a virus? The organism will die when the virus lyses it and all its contents leak away • Compare autotrophic organisms to heterotrophic organisms as to where & how they get energy. Autotroph- makes own food by photosynthesis Heterotroph- must eat another organism for food

16. Describe what the immune system does to fight bacteria. Phagocytes chew it up and take parts of it to the lymph nodes where the B cells design an antibody to kill it. A copy of that cell called a “memory B cell is kept in the lymph nodes to fight the bacteria again if it ever comes back.

17. Compare bacterial conjugation to bacterial transformation. Conj.- bacteria attaches to another bacteria with a pilus and sends a copy of its plasmid across. Transform.- bacteria pull in DNA from dead bacteria to recycle and acquire new genes

18. How do bacteria help us? Help us with digestion, gut bacteria make needed clotting factors, help make cheese & yogurt, used in industry to clean up chemical spills • What structure does an amoeba use for locomotion? Pseudopods a Euglena? Flagellum a Paramecium? Cilia

19. Parameciums, Euglenas, and Amoebas are all members of what Kingdom? Protista 24. Tell what each of the following structures do in a protozoan: a. pellicle- Support & protection b. nucleus- runs cell c. flagellum- locomotion

20. d. gullet- takes in food e. anal pore- expels waste f. contractile vacuole- pumps out water • Name all eight groups (taxons) used to group organisms in classification in order from largest to smallest. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, species

21. Name three things scientists use to classify organisms into groups. Similarities in embryo development, in DNA, and in structures • Use the table above to classify the following organisms: • It’s green, unicellular, independently moves around, and has cell walls made of cellulose. Kingdom Protista

22. It’s a heterotroph, has no cell walls at all, is a eukaryote and is multicellular. Kingdom Animalia • It’s a prokaryote, is unicellular and is sometimes pathogenic. Kingdom Archaebacteria or Eubacteria 28. Looking at the biomass pyramid below, tell which level has the most calories in it and why. Primary Producers, because 90% of the energy is lost every time the pyramid goes up one level

23. Use the food web shown below to draw three food chains Plant->rabbit->Fox Plant>insect>toad>Snake • Choose one of your food chains and identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. Producer = plants 1st=insect, 2nd= toad, 3rd= snake

24. 31. Define and give one example of each of the following symbiotic relationships: A. predator/prey- predator captures & eats prey B. Mutualism- both benefit +/+ C. parasitism- one benefits; the other is harmed +/- D. commensalism- One benefits the other is neither helped nor hurt +/o All of these are symbiotic relationships- close associations between two or more organisms

25. 32. Fill in the table below: Structure: Function: Stem- Support Leaf- photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration Root- absorption, anchoring Flower- reproduction, makes seeds Fruit- helps seeds get scattered & started Xylem- carries water Phloem- food flows freely thru phloem! Stomate- gas exchange (it’s the plant’s nostril)

26. What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm? Gymnosperms have scale or needle like leaves and produce seeds in cones- no fruit or flowers • How do you tell a monocot from a dicot? Monocot- parallel veins, flower parts in 3, one cotyledon, fibrous roots Dicots- netted veins, flower parts in 4 or 5, two cotyledons, tap root

27. 35. Define: • Biennial- planted one year, grows, flowers the second year • Perennial- planted once; grows year after year ex tree or blue planted once; grows year after yearex tree or blue berry bush • Annual- must be planted every year; grows and reproduces in one growing season

28. Name the female reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do. Carpel (pistil)- the whole thing Stygma- sticky top of carpel, catches pollen Style- holds up stygma Ovary- forms eggs, becomes fruit Ovules- become seeds Receptacle- the end of the twig on which the flower forms

29. 37. Name the male reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do. Stamen- the male reproductive structure • Anther- makes pollen • Filament- stalk that holds up the anther

30. Name three ways in which leaves may be modified to do other functions for a plant. Spines or thorns- protection Bright colors- attract insects Produce toxic or stinging compounds- protection Tendrils- long thin leaves that coil around things- support

31. What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera Body covered with pores, flagellated collar cells line the inside, only two cell layers, body shaped like sac, food is acquired & waste excreted by diffusion

32. What are the characteristics of Phylum Insecta? Exoskeleton of chitin, 6 legs, may have wings, three body sections, one pair of antennae • What are the characteristics of Phylum Annelida? Body in segments, excretion through nephridia, tube like digestive system (mouth to anus), coelom

33. What are the characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes Flat body, sac-like digestive system, Flame cells remove excess water, respiration by diffusion, aquatic or parasitic 43. What are the characteristics of Phylum Arachnida? 8 pairs of legs, 8 eyes, no antennae, chelicera (fangs), spinnerets, book lungs

34. Which system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food? Digestive system What are the major structures of that system? Mouth-chem. & mechanical digestion Esophagus- tube takes food to stomach

35. Stomach- chem. & mechanical digestion Small intestine- digestion & absorption of food Large intestine- absorption of salts, minerals, and water Rectum- stores solid waste Anus- exit for waste

36. Name the three kinds of muscle cells and give one example of where each one can be found. Cardiac- heart, looks both striped and branched, involuntary Smooth- lines tubular organs, involuntary, spindle shaped Skeletal- associated with bones, striped, voluntary

37. Which body system filters nitrogenous waste out of the blood? ExcretoryWhat structure actually does the filtering?Nephrons in the kidneys do the filteringKidney has three layers- cortex, medulla, & pelvis

38. What is the muscle that moves the blood? Heart What muscle makes us breath? Diaphragm • What body system produces the hormones? Name one structure in this system. Endocrine System Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonads, parathyroid, pineal

39. Which body system controls the whole body? What three parts make up this system. Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, 12 cranial nerves • Where are blood cells formed? Where are they stored? In the red bone marrow of the flat and long bones. They are stored in the spleen.