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The German Revolution

The German Revolution. I. The revolution from above A. Ludendorff revives parliamentary gov’t . B. Prince Max of Baden made Chancellor 1. Ministerial responsibility established 2. Abolished Prussian 3-class voting system II. The revolution from below

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The German Revolution

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  1. The German Revolution I. The revolution from above A. Ludendorff revives parliamentary gov’t. B. Prince Max of Baden made Chancellor 1. Ministerial responsibility established 2. Abolished Prussian 3-class voting system II. The revolution from below A. Ludendorff and Wilhelm waffle on armistice-Oct. 29 B. Mutiny: High Seas Fleet and Kiel base - Nov. 4 C. Bavarian revolution and peace negotiations - Nov. 7 D. Berlin uprisings; Kaiser abdicates – Nov. 9

  2. III. Rival governments proclaimed: Nov. 9 A. Social Democratic Party (SPD) leader Philip Scheidemann proclaimed a parliamentary republic at 2:00 p.m. from a window of the Reichstag building B. Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) minority faction (Spartacists) leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg proclaimed revolutionary socialist republic at 4:00 from window of the royal palace C. Deal between General Groener and Friedrich Ebert (representative of SPD government): army will retain independence from civilian control in return for defending SPD-based government from the radicals represented by the USPD government

  3. IV. Toward a Showdown A. Delegations from Berlin workers’ and soldiers’ councils elect provisional executive of “peoples’ commissars” of SPD and USPD reformists headed by Friedrich Ebert on Nov. 10 B. Elections to All-German Congress of Soldiers and Workers Council in Dec. returns 478-10 for SPD/USPD reformists coalition C. Call for elections to constituent assembly in January D. Creation of German Communist Party (KPD) – Dec. 30 most radical elements in the USPD led by Liebkneckt and Luxemburg secede from USDP to form KPD

  4. IV. The Showdown E. Spartacist Uprisings: Jan. 19-23 and March 19 1. Triggered by Ebert’s removal of Berlin police chief 2. Demonstrators occupy public buildings 3.Freikorps units (demobilized units of German army with no “official” connection to the army, but being funded and equipped by the army un violation of Nov. 11 armistice provisions) break up the Putsch attempt 4. Hundreds killed, including Liebknecht and Luxemburg

  5. V. Red Bavaria A. Moderate Socialist leader Eisner assassinated - Feb. B. Bavarian Soviet Republic proclaimed - April C. Destroyed by Army and Freikorps VI. There were numerous similarities between the conditions in Russia in 1917 and Germany in 1918-19; so why the different outcomes? VII. Creation of the Weimar RepublicA. Feb. 1919 delegates assemble in Weimar to be safe from unrest/radicalism of Berlin B. Constitution providing for bicameral legislature elected by proportional representation, president elected for 7 year term, and a federal relationship between states and central gov’t. C. Ratified in July; Ebert elected first president

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