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Phonology: Streamlined phonetic transcription

Phonology: Streamlined phonetic transcription. LING 400 Jan. 19, 2010 Prof. Hargus. Overview. Broad vs. narrow phonetic transcription Predicting phonetic detail Phonology. turn cell phones off please. Broad vs. narrow transcription. Phonetic transcription can have more or less detail

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Phonology: Streamlined phonetic transcription

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  1. Phonology:Streamlined phonetic transcription LING 400 Jan. 19, 2010 Prof. Hargus

  2. Overview • Broad vs. narrow phonetic transcription • Predicting phonetic detail • Phonology turn cell phones off please

  3. Broad vs. narrow transcription • Phonetic transcription can have more or less detail • Aspiration in English • Relatively more detail: narrow transcription • e.g. [phɑɪ] pie • Relatively less detail: broad transcription • e.g. [pɑɪ] pie • When should [h] be included in a transcription of English?

  4. Phonetics of aspiration • pie always pronounced with aspiration • puff of air test • Why then would aspiration never be transcribed?????????????????????

  5. Predictable vs. unpredictable information • Languages contain • Unpredictable information • list • represented in dictionary • Words I know: pie, spy, sip, crappy, etc. • Vowels of my language: [i], [ɪ], [eɪ], [ɛ], etc. • Predictable information • X  Y/ A __ B • represented in grammar • “non-low back vowels are (usually) round” • [p]  [ph] / (to be specified)

  6. Voiceless labial stops in English • Words that contain voiceless labial stop • at beginning of a word: • pie, pry, play, pew • after [s]: • spy, spry, splay, spew • at end of word: • sip, rap, crap • in middle of word • following vowel stressed: support, U-Pick • following vowel unstressed: happy

  7. Transcription practice

  8. [p] and [ph] • Abbreviations ___ = location of vowel or consonant # = edge of word V = vowel |= stress • [p] occurs in places where [ph] does not

  9. Distribution of voiceless labial stops in English All the places voiceless labial stops can occur in English #__l #__ Vs__ V|__V__# V__V • [p] and [ph] never occur in “the same place” • [p] and [ph] are “in complementary distribution” etc.

  10. Predicting aspiration • [ph] found in two places • #__ • V |__V • [p] is aspirated when word-initial or before a stressed vowel. • Aspiration is predictable in English

  11. Broad vs. narrow transcription • Broad transcription represents only unpredictable information • Transcriptions of pie • broad: [pɑɪ] • narrow: [phɑɪ] • (In real life, transcriptions are usually as broad as possible.)

  12. Phonology • More abstract phonetics • Part of grammar that makes explicit rules for pronunciation • Aspiration is a rule of English (not all languages) • Spanish tono ‘tone’, dono ‘I donate’ • Transcriptions of pie • narrow: [phɑɪ] • broad: [pɑɪ] or /pɑɪ/

  13. Levels of representation • Phonetic representation [phɑɪ] • directly observable • measurable properties • [ ] brackets, contains (allo)phones • Phonemic representation /pɑɪ/ • inferred, not observed • abstract, streamlined representation • / / brackets, contains phonemes Aspiration (phonological rule)

  14. Inferring the phonemic representation • How? • Minimal pairs/sets • sounds in contrast • Complementary distribution • sounds not in contrast

  15. Minimal pair • Two words differing in meaning and only one phonetic property • A minimal pair for voicing in English • [|kɹæbi] crabby vs. [|kɹæpi] crappy • therefore, /p b/ in English • Phonetic difference between pair not due to context • Minimal pairs contain phonemes • /|kɹæbi/, /|kɹæpi/ • A minimal set • /hid/, /hɪd/, /heɪd/, /hɛd/, /hæd/

  16. Complementary distribution of sounds • Predictable aspects of pronunciation can be due to • Influence of neighboring sound • Position within word

  17. Another phonological rule of English Rounded [ɹw] and unrounded [ɹ] are in complementary distribution. Decide which of these sounds is the phoneme and describe the distribution of the other in a phonological rule.

  18. Distribution of sounds Start by noting preceding and following sound or position. (‘#’ = edge of word.) Then generalize. [ɹw] always precedes a vowel; [ɹ] always precedes consonant or word edge.

  19. From distribution to rule • “[ɹw] always precedes a vowel; [ɹ] always precedes consonant or word edge.” • Sound derived by rule occurs in more specific context • “vowel” more specific than “consonant or word edge” • [ɹw] therefore derived by rule • /ɹ/  [ɹw] / ___ V • phoneme occurs in more general context

  20. Summary • Different levels of detail can be shown in phonetic transcription • Predictable phonetic information part of rule system, usually left out of phonetic transcription • primary evidence for rule system: complementary distribution of sounds • Unpredictable phonetic information • primary evidence: minimal pairs or sets

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