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WRF-UCM AND CMAQ VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS

Contribution to: 10th Annual CMAS Conference Friday Center, UNC-Chapel Hill OCTOBER, 24-26, 2011, Friday Center for Continuing Education, 100 Friday Center Dr Chapel Hill, NC 27517, United States. WRF-UCM AND CMAQ VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS

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WRF-UCM AND CMAQ VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS

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  1. Contribution to: 10th Annual CMAS Conference Friday Center, UNC-Chapel Hill OCTOBER, 24-26, 2011, Friday Center for Continuing Education, 100 Friday Center Dr Chapel Hill, NC 27517, United States WRF-UCM AND CMAQ VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SIMULATIONS (200 M SPATIAL RESOLUTION) OVER LONDON (UK), ATHENS (GREECE), GLIWICE (POLAND), HELSINKI (FINLAND) AND FLORENCE (ITALY): COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONAL DATA R. San José1, J. L. Pérez1, E. Magliulo2 and N. Crysoulakis3 1Environmental Software and Modelling Group Computer Science School – Technical University of Madrid (UPM) Campus de Montegancedo – 28660 Madrid (Spain) http://artico.lma.fi.upm.es 2CNR ISAFoM P.O. Box S. Sebastiano (Na) – Italy. 3Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH) IACM, 100 N. Plastira Str., Vassilika Vouton, P.O. Box 1385, GR-71110, Hereklion, Crete, Greece.

  2. BRIDGE EU PROJECT: sustainaBle uRban plannIng Decision support accountinG for urban mEtabolism WRF-UCM: London (UK), Gliwice (Poland) and Helsinki (Finland). CMAQ: Athens (Greece) and Florence (Italy). • OBJECTIVES: • High resolution simulations of meteorology and pollution over five • european cities • Comparison with urban meteorological and pollution data sets • (fluxes and concentrations)

  3. BRIDGE UPM SIMULATIONS • METEOROLOGICAL & ENERGY DATA: • MODEL: WRF/UCM 0.2 KM & 5.4 KM. RESOLUTION • CASES: BASE RUN & 3 ALTERNATIVES BY CITY (Ath, Flo,Hel,Gli, Lon) • PERIODS: 2008 FULL YEAR & SUMMER (jul-ago-sep) 2010 (base run) • BOUNDARY & INITIAL CONDITIOS TO 200 m RESOLUTION ( Athens & Florence ACASA) • CLIMATE SCENARIOS (End of May) • - AIR POLLUTION • MODEL: EMIMO-CMAQ 0.2 KM & 3.0 KM. RESOLUTION • CASES: BASE RUN & 3 ALTERNATIVES BY CITY (Athens, Florence) • PERIODS: 2008 FULL YEAR & SUMMER (jul-ago-sep) 2010 (base run) • GHG EMISSION (CO2,CH4 anthropogenic & biogenic) • MODEL: EMIMO 0.2 KM RESOLUTION • CASES: BASE RUN & 3 ALTERNATIVES BY CITY (Ath, Flo,Hel,Gli, Lon) • PERIODS: 2008 FULL YEAR

  4. BRIDGE UPM SIMULATIONS Global model data: GFS LEVEL 1: 37*37 grid cells 5.4 km. resolution Lower left corner (-121500, -121500) LEVEL 2: 28*28 grid cells 0.2 km. resolution Lower left corner (-2700, -2700) WRF/UCM meteorological model: 3-D non-hydrostatic prognostic model that simulates mesoscale atmospheric circulations. UCM Take the urban geometry into account in its surface energy budgets and wind shear calculations. Radiative, thermal, moisture effects and canopy flow model are accounted for in the UCM.

  5. WP4: UPM MODELLING TOOLS WRF/UCM meteorological model: 3-D non-hydrostatic prognostic model that simulates mesoscale atmospheric circulations. UCM Take the urban geometry into account in its surface energy budgets and wind shear calculations. Radiative, thermal, moisture effects and canopy flow model are accounted for in the UCM. CMAQis a three-dimensional Eulerian (i.e., gridded) atmospheric chemistry and transport modeling system that simulates ozone, acid deposition, visibility, and fine particulate matter throughout the troposphere. Designed as a one-atmosphere model, CMAQ can address the complex couplings among several air quality issues simultaneously across spatial scales ranging from local to hemispheric. EMIMO model produces emissions from biogenic and anthropogenic sources including traffic and terciary sector sourcesfor the specific required spatial resolution, hourly emission data for different inorganic pollutants. The VOC’s are splitted according to the chemical mechanism

  6. WRF/NOAH/UCM. UPM SETUP • Physics Options used in WRF: • Cumulus Parameterization: • GRELL-DEVENYI ENSEMBLE SCHEME (Grell, G. A., and D. Devenyi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), Article 1693. ) • PBL Scheme and Diffusion: • Yonsei University (YSU) PBL (Hong, S.-Y., Dudhia, J., 2003. Testing of a new non-local boundary layer vertical diffusion scheme in numerical weather prediction applications. In: Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Seattle, WA. ) • Explicit Moisture Scheme : • LIN et al.SCHEME microphysics (Lin, Y.L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092 )

  7. WRF/NOAH/UCM. UPM SETUP • Physics Options used in WRF-UHI: • Radiation Schemes: • Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) longwave radiation(E.J. Mlawer, S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono and S.A. Clough, Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (D14) (1997), pp. 16663–16682 ) • Simple cloud-interactive shortwave radiation schemeDudhia radiation ( Dudhia, Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional Model, J. Atmos. Sci.46 (1989), pp. 3077–3107)

  8. WRF/NOAH/UCM. UPM SETUP Land surface model: NOAH/UCM (UCM only 0.2 Km resolution) (Chen, F., Kusaka, H., Tewari, M., Bao, J.-W., Kirakuchi, H., 2004. Utilizing the coupled WRF/LSM/Urban modeling system with detailed urban classification to simulate the urban heat island phenomena over the greater Houston area. In: Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Urban Environment, 22–26 August 2004, Vancouver, BC, Canada.)

  9. EMISSIONS-EMIMO .UPM SETUP • Annual European emission inventory : 7Km spatial Resolution (TNO) • Main pollutants: SO2,NOx,CO,VOC,NH3,PM10,PM25 • SNAP activities (S1-S10) • Projection to Lambert Conformal Conic domain. • European Temporal Profiles (country, activities) • VOC splitting EMIMO • Vertical distribution by activities • Top-Down approach (7 KM TO 0.2 KM) based on surrogates: • Traffic activities  Traffic information (BRIDGE) • Rest of activities -> Land use & Buildings density

  10. EMISSIONS-EMIMO: UPM SETUP GHG Emissions (CO2,CH4). WRF/UCM-EMIMO off-line (UPM). • - EMIMO uses a Top-Down approach (5 Min TO 0.2 Km) based on surrogates: • Traffic activities  Traffic information • Rest of activities -> 3 Urban Land uses & Buildings density (no more high resolution data received) • Anthropogenic Annual European emission inventory: CarboEurope GHG  (IER) (http://carboeurope.ier.uni-stuttgart.de ) • * 5 Min. Resolution. • * Pollutants: CH4,CO2,CO,N20 • * Snap activities (S1-S10) • * Projection to Lambert Conformal Conic domain. • * Temporal Profiles (country, activities)

  11. CMAQ. UPM SETUP • CCTM Options in CMAQ • Advection scheme: global mass-conserving scheme (Yamartino 1993 )Yamartino, R. J., 1993: Nonnegative, conserved scalar transport using grid-cell-centered, spectrally constrained Blackman cubics for applications on a variable-thickness mesh. Mon. Wea.Rev. 121, 753-763. • Vertical Difussion: Asymmetric Convective Model (ACM2) (Pleim and Chang, 1992) Pleim, J.E. and J. Chang, 1992: A non-local closure model for vertical mixing in the convective boundary layer. Atmos. Envi., 26A, 965-981 • CB05 chemical mechanism (Yarwood et al. 2005).G. Yarwood, S. Rao, M. Yocke and G. Whitten, Updates to the Carbon Bond Chemical Mechanism: CB05 Final report to the US EPA, RT-0400675 • Euler Backward Solver (EBI) solver (Hertel et al. 1993) O. Hertel, R. Berkowicz, J. Christensen and Ø Hov, Test of two numerical schemes for use in atmospheric transport-chemistry models, Atmospheric Environment 27 (1993), pp. 2591–2611 • CMAQ Aerosol : The 3rd generation modal CMAQ aerosol model

  12. LIMITATIONS & ACCURACY • WRF/UCM model uses a parameterization of physical processes to understand the meteorology of the urban boundary layer over urbanized surfaces. • In order to parameterize the physical processes, it requieres the urban morphology. Not individual structures (buildings) are resolved, introducing sub-grid scale variation. • WRF/UCM uses 3 categorical urban land surface types, each with distinct physical and thermal characteristics. • Taking into account the sensitivity of urban meteorology to the uncertainties in the parameterized urban morphology, we can understand the limitation of the system. • The reliability of the CMAQ simulation result s is subject to the quality of the emission and meteorological inputs • - Emission data is limited by the input data: global emission data, temporal profiles, information to down scaling…

  13. LIMITATIONS & ACCURACY The uncertainty for modelling is defined as the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated concentration levels for 90% of individual monitoring points, over the period considered, by the limit value (or target value in the case of ozone), without taking into account the timing of the events. The fixed measurements that have to be selected for a comparison with modelling results shall be representative of the scale covered by the model.

  14. WRF/UCM. UPM. FLORENCE. BASE CASE 5.4 Km res Temperature 2M (K) Sensible Heat Flux (w/m2) Rain (mm) Surface Pressure (Pa) Latent Heat Flux (w/m2) Ground Heat Flux (w/m2)

  15. WRF/UCM. UPM. FLORENCE. BASE CASE (0.2 km spatial resolution) 2008 yearly average Latent Heat Flux Total plant transp Canopy water evap. Direct soil evap. Ground Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Runoff 2m. Temperature

  16. WRF/UCM. UPM. ATHENS. BASE CASE 2008 yearly average Total plant transp Canopy water evap. Direct soil evap. Latent Heat Flux Ground Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Runoff 2m. Temperature

  17. WRF/UCM. UPM. HELSINKI. BASE CASE 2008 yearly average Latent Heat Flux Total plant transp Canopy water evap. Direct soil evap. Ground Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Runoff 2m. Temperature

  18. WRF/UCM. UPM. GLIWICE. BASE CASE 2008 yearly average Latent Heat Flux Total plant transp Canopy water evap. Direct soil evap. Ground Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Runoff 2m. Temperature

  19. WRF/UCM. UPM. LONDON. BASE CASE 2008 yearly average Latent Heat Flux Total plant transp Canopy water evap. Direct soil evap. Ground Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Surface Runoff 2m. Temperature

  20. MEASUREMENTS. FLORENCE • Eddy covariance (EC) flux station • Observatorio Ximeniano (43°47’ 70 N, 11°15’ E) • A mast of 3 m on a roof and at 33m above the street level • Meteorological variables : Every 15’ • Wind, Relativity Humidity, Temperature, Solar Radiation, Rain • Turbulent fluxes: Every 30’ • Sensible Heat Flux; Latent Heat Flux; U star (U*) • Common periods: 01/04/2008 – 01/05/2008 • 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 • - Air pollution SO2-NO2-CO (hourly mean) for a network of 5 air quality monitoring stations.

  21. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/04/2008 – 01/05/2008 0.2 Km resolution Short Wave Radiation Air Temperature Sensible Heat Flux

  22. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 Air Temperature Air Temperature 0.2 Km. Air Temperature 5.4 Km.

  23. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 Short Wave Radiation 5.4 Km Short Wave Radiation 0.2 Km

  24. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 Air Temperature Sensible Heat Flux 0.2 Km. Sensible Heat Flux 5.4 Km.

  25. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 U star (U*) 5.4 Km. U star (U*) 0.2 Km.

  26. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010 Wind Speed 5.4 Km. Wind Speed 0.2 Km.

  27. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 01/07/2010 – 31/08/2010

  28. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 05/07/2010 – 15/07/2010 0.2 Km. U* TEMPERATURE SOLAR RAD. SENSIBLE HF.

  29. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. FLORENCE Ximeniano 21/08/2010 – 31/08/2010 0.2 Km. U* TEMPERATURE SOLAR RAD. SENSIBLE HF.

  30. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM-EMIMO-CMAQ FLORENCE AVERAGE ST 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 0.2 Km resolution

  31. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM-EMIMO-CMAQ FLORENCE MOSSE & GRAMSCI 02/07/2010 – 28/09/2010 0.2 Km

  32. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM-EMIMO-CMAQ FLORENCE

  33. MEASUREMENTS. HELSINKI Kumpula tower ( UTM x: 217563.71715305414, y: 2763551.490601992, heigth from sea level: 57 m)  Outside of the domain 0.2 Km resolution. Comparation with 5.4 Km resolution. The weather station is situated on the roof of one of the University of Helsinki buildings. Radiation , Temperature, Wind. The fluxes of sensible heat, are measured with the eddy covariance technique on top of the tower. Common periods: 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 01/07/2010 – 30/09/2010

  34. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. HELSINKI Kumpula 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 5.4 Km Short Wave Radiation Air Temperature Sensible Heat Flux

  35. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. HELSINKI Kumpula 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 5.4 Km U Wind component V Wind component Wind speed

  36. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. HELSINKI Kumpula 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008

  37. MEASUREMENTS. ATHENS • - Data on air pollutants (CO, NO2, NO, SO2, O3) • Several stations close to the case study area. Geoponike and Peristeri inside of the domain with 0.2 Km resolution • Hourly values for a whole year period are given. • Meteorological measurements are outside of the domain. • Common period : 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008

  38. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM-EMIMO-CMAQ. ATHENS AVERAGE ST, GEOPONIKI, PERISTERI 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 0.2 Km resolution

  39. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM-EMIMO-CMAQ ATHENS AVERAGE ST, GEOPONIKI, PERISTERI DAILY AVG 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008 0.2 Km resolution

  40. MEASUREMENTS. GLIWICE (POLAND) • Measurement point: 50º17’38.27”N 18º40´53.83”E • Meteo parameters: Wind, air temperature, realtive humidity, total radiation, atmospheric pressure. • Turbulent flux measurements will be performed by UBAS starting from January 2010 : Sensible heat flux, U start • - Common period: 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010

  41. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE (POLAND) 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Air Temperature 5.4 Km Air Temperature 0.2 Km

  42. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Short wave radiation 5.4 Km Short wave radiation 0.2 Km

  43. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Long wave radiation 0.2 Km Long wave radiation 5.4 Km

  44. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Sensible heat flux 5.4 Km Sensible heat flux 0.2 Km

  45. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Friccion velocity 5.4 Km Friccion velocity 0.2 Km

  46. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 Wind Speed 5.4 Km. Wind Speed 0.2 Km.

  47. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. GLIWICE 10/07/2010 – 30/09/2010

  48. MEASUREMENTS. LONDON • Physical Meteorology is collected at KSK (King’s Strand King’s) (0.1161W,51.51146N) • The data are available at 15 min time intervals • Data used: Wind, Air temperature, Pressure, Short and Long wave radiation • Common periods: 01/10/2008 – 31/12/2008 • 01/07/2010 – 30/09/2010 • - Air temperature from Marylebone & Martins. *London Air Quality Network. Common period: 01/01/2008 – 31/12/2008

  49. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. LONDON KSK 01/10/2008 – 31/12/2008 Air temperature 0.2 Km Air temperature 5.4 Km

  50. MEASUREMENTS & WRF/UCM. LONDON KSK 01/10/2008 – 31/12/2008 Short wave radiation 0.2 Km Short wave radiation 5.4 Km

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