Following Billings’ Lead

1. Following Billings’ Lead • Daniel Read (1757 - 1836 - Attleborough, Mass) • Lived in New Haven, Conn. • Revolutionary War soldier, storekeeper and comb maker and singing master who compiled and published sacred music. • American Singing Book (his own compositions) contained many fuging tunes. These were considered to be too crude and too lively for church. You be the judge! • Providence • A fuging tune first published in 1787 • Amity • A fuging tune • How pleasant is to seeKindred and friends agree,Each in their proper station move,FUGING SECTIONAnd each fulfill their part,With sympathizing heart,In all the cares of life and love.

2. After Billings • Samuel Holyoke (1762 - 1820) • Born in Boxford, Mass. • Graduated from Harvard in 1789 (his uncle was president of Harvard College) • Had worked as a bandmaster and compiled a collection of his own sacred music, and had contributed to The Massachusetts Magazine • Probably played clarinet and knew the professional musicians in Boston • Columbian Repository of Sacred Harmony (732 compositions) • Because he was a singing school teacher and schoolmaster his prestige was confined to the provincial environment • He became a casualty rather than a leader in reform • Quintetto, movement I attributed to Holyoke • 1800 published the Instrumental Assistant

3. The Attack • Andrew Law (degrees from Rhode Island College and Yale) • Select Harmony (1779 ) contained few American compositions • Musical Primer (1793) contained an attack on native composition and singing (see defective music HAM pp. 161) • Thomas Hastings (1784 - 1872) (Led the village choir and local musical society since he was 18) • a central figure in the reform movement • Musica Sacra; or, Springfield and Utica Collections United (1819) almost 20 editions - no New England Repertory

4. The Moving Force of the Reform • Lowell Mason (January 8, 1792) • son of a church-choir singer • grandson of a singing school teacher • attended singing school • Bank Clerk in Savannah, Georgia in 1812 • organist and choirmaster at the Independent Presbyterian Church • compiled a collection of church music • October 10, 1821, collection published by the Boston Handel and Haydn Society: Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music

5. Lowell Mason from a photograph about 1850. It was presented by Mason at a summer normal institute to J. Thomas Tilson who later named his son Lowell Mason Tilson. L.M. Tilson became a music teacher at Indiana State Teachers College

6. Mason gains Fame • book earned $4000 in five years • 22 editions • 50,000 copies • compositions attributed to these and others • Tallis • Corelli • Haydn • Handel • Mozart • Beethoven

7. Mason’s Address in 1825 • “Children must be taught music, as they are taught to read” • Simple, easy, solemn pieces • “Bethany” (Nearer My God to Thee) • “Missionary Hymn” (“From Greenland’s Icy Mountains”) • “Olivet” (“My Faith Looks Up to Thee”) • Most successful hymn writer of the entire 19th century

8. Mason’s Hymns • the ME Church Hymnal of 1878 contains 68 original hymns and 22 arrangements of tunes by other composers • the Methodist Hymnal of 1935 contains 32 of his hymns • the 1940 hymnal of the Episcopal Church contains 8 of his hymns • 1827 - music director in three Boston churches (as well as a bank teller) • President of the Handel and Haydn Society 1827-1832

9. Handel and Haydn Society • The Handel & Haydn Society was founded in 1815 by a group of Boston merchants dismayed by the quality of musical performances in their city. The name of the Society reflects the founders' wish to bring Boston audiences the best of the old (Handel) and the best of the new (Haydn) in concerts of the highest artistic quality. Throughout its history, H&H has brought the world's most beautiful music, and the greatest artists, to Boston, setting a standard for orchestral and choral performances that remains unparalleled. • Grant Llewellyn was appointed Music Director of the Handel & Haydn Society, a position he assumed in the 2001-2002 season.

10. Mason and the Public Schools • determined to bring universal musical literacy • began with singing schools in Boston • Boston Academy of Music (1832) • 1500 children took advantage of the free lessons • taught at the Hawes School without charge • appointed Superintendent of Music in the Boston Public Schools in 1838 • Boston became the first American town in which musical training became a part of the normal instruction of children

11. Mason and the Public Schools • remained Superintendent until 1845 • wrote music books for use in the Boston Schools • Music Exercises for Singing Schools (1838) • The Boston School Song Book (1840) • his book Carmina Sacra sold more than 500,000 copies through its 13 editions between 1841 and 1860 • Mason became a wealthy man - the first to become so in America through music

12. Summary • Mason was a composer, educator, organist, lecturer, compiler, and essayist • his hymns sank into American culture • Mason was one of the most successful composers in the 19th century • the main issue with Mason and other “reformers” was the manner of singing, not the tunes themselves • music should be a literate art; non literate music was inferior to literate music; universal literacy was the only way to improve the art in America

13. Lowell Mason in Hymns • 170 Now from the alter of my heart • 219 Lord, pour thy spirit • 254 From Greenland’s icy mountains • 440 Watchman, tell us of the night • 449 My faith looks up to thee • 465 Nearer, my God, to thee • 495 Blest be the tie that binds Our hearts • The Ames Hymn Collection

14. After Mason 100 years after Regular Singing was introduced into New England churches, Law, Hastings, Mason, and Bradbury sought to accomplish a second reform • William B. Bradbury (1816 - 1868) • went through the Boston Academy of Music • published 60 books aimed at the same markets as Mason • second only to Mason in hymn tunes • 3 hymns included in the 1940 Episcopal Hymnal • sold more than 2,000,000 copies of his various publications

15. William B. Bradbury • William B. Bradbury (1816-68) published hundreds of pieces in a variety of vocal genres. • More than three million copies of his works sold • His compositions rivaled in popularity the songs of Stephen Collins Foster (1826-64). • 255,000 copies of Bradbury's best-known composition, an oratorio, Esther, the Beautiful Queen, were in circulation only ten years after its publication in 1856. • Born into a family of dedicated amateur musicians, Bradbury studied at Lowell Mason's famous Academy of Music, located in Boston.

16. William B. Bradbury • By 1840 he had established himself in New York where he offered singing classes for children and served as a church organist and choir director. • He became one of the first American musicians to study abroad and met Jenny Lind, Franz Liszt, Ludwig Spohr, and Robert and Clara Schumann. • began conducting "musical conventions" which gathered together hundreds of participants for huge singing and music literacy classes. • 1849, Bradbury accepted a prestigious post as organist and choir director of New York's Broadway Tabernacle.

17. William B. Bradbury • He was soon in demand as a conductor throughout the East and Midwest. • In the 1850s, he expanded his teaching activities to include the instruction of harmony at various normal institutes established expressly for music teacher training. • With Mason and George Frederick Root, Bradbury dominated the emerging field of public music education as well as the development and dissemination of popular church music and accessible choral works. • Bradbury wrote 921 hymns, compiled and published 59 tune-books, and wrote numerous articles for various periodicals on church music, compositional technique, and music education.

18. William B. Bradbury • His two best known compositions are "Jesus Loves Me", which is still sung by children today, and "Just As I Am".  Bloomfield Cemetery, Essex County, New Jersey, USA

19. William B. Bradbury Hymns • Away! Away! • The Ames Hymn Collection

20. George Frederick Root • Born in Sheffield, Massachussets in 1820. • Musical abilities included mastering thirteen different instruments by the age of 12. • Became a voice instructor in Boston. • Partner in the Chicago-based music publishing firm of Root and Cady. • During the Civil War Root composed patriotic songs for the Union war effort. • "The Battle Cry of Freedom," "Just Before the Battle, Mother," and "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!” • George Root died in 1895, 75 years of age.

21. Utopian Communities • Three groups were known for their music • The Ephrata Community • Founded in Pennsylvania by Conrad Beissel • The Moravians • Also in Pennsylvania • The Shakers • In New York under the leadership of Ann Lee • These separatist communities represent early centers of musical creativity in the United States

22. Utopian Communities • Ephrata Cloister • Led by Conrad Beissel in 1732 • Similar to Dominican monks • Later became known as German Seventh-Day Baptists • Developed a unique harmonic system • Learning to play the violin in Europe, Beissel taught music at the Cloister and wrote hundreds of songs. Many others also devoted themselves to poetry and music. Their choir became widely known. Over thirty people were involved in writing hymns and the printing shop soon began producing hymnals, • This former religious colony is now a museum. • They became known for their music, calligraphy and printing. Following the death of the last celibate member in 1813, the married congregation formed the German Seventh-Day Baptist Church.

23. Utopian Communities • The members dressed like monks, although in white robes

24. Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers • The Shakers, or United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearance • The first Shakers, led by Ann Lee, came to America from Manchester, England, in 1774 seeking a place to freely practice their religious beliefs. Near Albany, New York, they established the foundation for a unique sect which has endured for more than 220 years • During a long imprisonment, Ann had a revelation that she was the Second Coming of Christ

25. Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers • Simple Gifts • Long before Copland included it in Appalachian Spring, Elder Joseph Brackett (1797-1882) sang and danced this tune “with his coat tails flying.” • 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, • 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, • And when we find ourselves in the place just right, • 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. • When true simplicity is gained • To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, • To turn, turn will be our delight, • 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

26. Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers • Aaron Copland (1900-1990) • Shaker Tune is unusual in that it is not modified and it is the only borrowed tune with variations • The Shaker Tune Simple Gifts (after Copland) was adopted into the repertory of schools, churches and by folksingers • the music always turns to simplicity • Commissioned by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge • title is from a poem by Hart Crane

27. AARON COPLAND’SAppalachian Spring • written in 1943-1944 for Martha Graham • scored for fl, cl, bn, pf, 4 vn, 2 va, 2vc, db • Premiere in Wash., DC Oct. 30, 1944 • full orch. suite - 1945 • Copland: “orchestral know-how consists in keeping instruments out of each other’s way” • never conventional • uses irregular rhythms (5/8 and 7/8) but never for an entire movement

28. Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians • The Moravians reached the New World in the 1730s • Established a settlement in Pennsylvania called Bethlehem • Another community was founded in Salem, NC, in 1753 (Winston-Salem) • Their musical culture came from Europe • Their music developed in isolation, unaffected by other American traditions

29. Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians • Bethlehem • An Indian Chief buried to music in 1746 • 1780 - an orchestra of violins, violas, cellos, horns, flutes, trumpets, oboes • Church music was emphasized • Trombone choirs • Organ building • The communities were organized into choirs - with the sexes separated • The music • Music from pre-classical Europe was performed • Moravian composers wrote many pieces

30. Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians • Composers • Johann Friedrich Peter, Johannes Herbst, Jeremiah Dencke, • Haydn’s Creation performed in 1811 (the first performance of this work in North America) • The quality of the music was praised by • John D. Ogden in 1800 • Benjamin Franklin in 1756 • Henry Ellsworth in 1811 • The Moravians gave America • The first American collegium musicum • The first instruments built in America • The first chamber music composed in America • The first American performances of major European choral and orchestral works

31. Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians • Johann Friedrich Peter (1746-1813) • Considered the most gifted composer • Composed about 70 anthems and 6 string quintets • I Will Freely Sacrifice To Thee • 2 horns and strings • Simon Peter (1743-1819) • A minister • Look Ye, How My Servants Shall Be Feasting • Solo soprano, double chorus and strings • David Moritz Michael (1751-1827) • Composed 14 Parthien for clarinets, horns, bassoons, flute, and trumpet • Parthia 12 • Allegro Andante Menuet allegretto Presto

32. The Moravians in Salem • Bishop Spangenberg chose to name the tract of land "Wachau," after the Zinzendorf family's estate in Austria. The word means "meadow along the Wach," a stream flowing through the Wachau valley in Austria. One of the branches of the Muddy Creek was ultimately called "Wach" by the Moravians, and the name of the entire tract ultimately was latinized to become "Wachovia." Today, that name lives on in the banking company headquartered in modern Winston-Salem. • NPR Broadcast

33. The 26th N.C. Regimental Band, CSA • Composed entirely of Moravians from Salem • The only known complete sets of band books from a Confederate band in the American Civil War • Duties included a morning performance, a nightly concert,m performance on Sunday inspection and during reviews, assist hospital attendants, help dress wounds, carry wood and water, assist with amputations • Hundreds of tunes in the band books

34. The 26th N.C. Regimental Band, CSA • Here’s Your Mule - a favorite expression in the Confederate army: • A sutler known as “Pies,” because he specialized in pies and other edibles, did business from a small, dilapidated wagon drawn by a little, black shaggy mule, at the Camp of Instruction in Jackson, Tennessee. Some of the soldiers decided to play a joke on him - they stole his mule. . .and hid it in a tent. . .pretending nothing had happened. Pies, realizing his mule was missing, began to search while the word passed around that Pies had “lost” his mule. Calls of “Mister, here’s your mule” were heard all over the camp and Pies hurried all over the camp looking for the mule. The mule was eventually returned and “Mister, here’s your mule” went into the soldier’s lexicon.