Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit

1. Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit Early Greece

2. Minoan Civilization • Crete (2500 – 1250 B.C.) • Palace of Knossos • Artisans: jewelry, figurines • Women: free and equal • Bull-leaping as athletic event

3. Mycenaean Civilization • Palace cities on Greek mainland • Warrior society • “Mask of Agamemnon”: one of the treasures found in a grave in Mycenae • Trojans caused the fall of Mycenae bringing on Greece’s “Dark Age.”

4. Early Greek Poetry • Homeric epics: long narrative poems; heroic deeds; hero who brings pride to country. Iliad and Odyssey: First masterpieces of Western literature. • Heroes: Achilles and Odysseus • Despite man’s frailties, his life is noble

5. Sappho’s Lyric Poetry • Lyric poems: brief, expressing feelings, often accompanied by a lyre. • Sappho’s poems expressed her love for her women friends. • Lived her life on the island of Lesbos

6. Art in Early Greece • The Archaic period: 650-490 B.C. Progression from the Egyptian models • Naturalism: attempt to represent objects as they appear in nature • Vase painting: red-figure technique: figures left unpainted • Greeks’ range of feelings and actions

7. Sculpture • Kouros: free standing nude male youth. Shows ideal of youthful male beauty • Koré: softer or female version. Clothing softened statue • Calf Bearer: naturalistic and shows the idea of a sacrificial burden • Kritios Boy: more realistic and less rigid as compared to Kouros with disappearance of the Archaic smile

8. The Classical Period • Opens with Greeks’ victory over Persians at Salamis in 490 B.C. • Golden Age: 480 B.C. and 404 B.C., Athens was defeated in the Peloponnesian Wars. Culture lasted until death of Alexander the Great. • Polis life: Human nature dictates life in city • Pericles: Delian League

9. Women in Classical Athens • Excluded from public affairs • Household duties: organization, supervision and labor. • Hetaera: foreign women who worked as courtesans, entertainers and prostitutes. • Some hetaera highly educated

10. The Greek Temple • The Parthenon (447 B.C.) Dedicated to Athena • Post-and-lintel form • Entablature: decoration of the vertical column and horizontal beam • Orders: Styles of columns • Cella: enclosed inner room of temple • Refinements

11. Parthenon Sculptures • Phideas: Athena statue in cella and again on the east and west pediments • Three Goddesses on East Pediment • Frieze • Cella frieze: low relief, Athenian Horsemen, depict the heroism and nobility of Athenian citizens.

12. Other Acropolis Buildings • Propylaea: massive gateway • Erechtheum: Ionic temple with two porches • Caryatids: Porch of the Maidens

13. Classical Humanism • Belief that “Man is the Measure of All Things” Protagoras. • Nobility of human intelligence and action • Human ability to understand and control the world. • “Secular” humanism controversial today.

14. The Classical Style • Representing the human figure in motion: turning point for Greek sculptors. • Idealized, yet moving toward naturalism

15. Greek Sculpture • Kritios Boy: Human figure in motion • Classical Style: naturalism and idealism • Myron’s Discobolus • Riace Warrior Phideas? • Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of Cnidos • Contrapposto: S curve

16. Hellenistic Style • Emotionally charged realism of later Greek sculpture • Alexander the Great Persia and Egypt • Individuality • Laocoön and his Two Sons

17. Greek Theater • Athens: Greek Theater • Forms: Tragedy and Comedy • Power of the gods • Course of human destiny • Nature of love and justice • Dyonisus patron god: wine, revelry and intoxication. Dyonisian festivals

18. Greek Tragedy • Open-air theaters or amphitheaters • Wealthy citizens paid playwrights and producers • Yearly competition • Actors in front of the skene • Chorus: actors who danced and chanted on the orchestra, the area surrounded by the theatron

19. Greek Playwrights • Thespis: One actor • Aeschylus: added a second actor and dialogue. Suffering and guilt led to gods • Sophocles: Golden Age of Athens • Oedipus Rex by Sophocles • Hubris • Catharsis

20. Playwrights • Euripides: realism, social commentary • Showed people as they were, gripped by violent passions • Medea

21. Greek Comedy • Humorous portrayal of everyday themes and characters. • Aristophanes: Clouds and Lysistrata

22. Greek Philosophy • Philosophy: came from Greek’s fascination with rational inquiry. • Materialists: substance of which all matter was composed • Idealists: evidence of a divine and rational plan for cosmos--Pythagoras • Sophists: professional teachers, skeptics—Protagoras. Became cynical.

23. Socrates • Founded classical Greek philosophy and never wrote a word. • Socratic Method • Gadfly of Athens—Morals worth more than life itself. • “The unexamined life is not worth living.” • Trial and death: Tried for religious and moral offenses.

24. Plato • Student of Socrates • Wrote Socrates’ dialogues • Apology: Socrates’ trial • Phaedo: Socrates’ last conversation • The Republic: Ideal city-state/ Three parts of soul: reason, moral courage, appetites • “Allegory of the Cave” • The Academy

25. Aristotle • Challenged Plato’s teachings • Tutor for Alexander of Macedonia • Ethics: Happiness is found in balance between two extremes: Golden Mean • Poetics: Formal pattern of Greek drama. • Lyceum

26. Greek Music • Music: of the “Muses” Goddesses who inspired creative arts. • Lyre • Aulos • Music could bring about feelings • Music lost forever • Pythagoras’ intervals: octaves

27. Hellenistic Age • Philip of Macedon subdued Greek city-states. Succeeded by son Alexander • Alexander loved Greek civilization and spread it throughout his empire in Persia and Egypt • Hellenistic: Greek-like

28. Hellenistic Legacy • Collected great classical manuscripts in libraries. • Artists imitated forms and ideas of the Greeks. • Playwrights copied Greek theater • Euclid: Planets revolve around the sun • Established Greek culture as the standard.